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General Microbiology
Antibodies neutralize exotoxins by binding to their protein components, preventing them from interacting with host cells and causing damage. This immune response is critical for protecting the host from the harmful effects of these toxins.
General Pathology
The osmotic fragility test is the most relevant investigation for diagnosing hereditary spherocytosis, as it assesses the red blood cells' ability to withstand osmotic stress.
General Medicine
For a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), at least four out of the eleven listed disorders must be present. These include malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, serositis, renal disorder, neurologic disord
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