Biochemistry

1. Kwashiorkor

• Cause: Severe protein deficiency with adequate or near-adequate calorie intake.

• Typical Age: 1–3 years (post-weaning)

• Clinical Features:

  • Edema (due to hypoalbuminemia)

  • Moon face and swollen abdomen

  • Dermatosis and skin depigmentation

  • Fatty liver

  • Apathy and irritability

• Key Insight: Protein is lacking, but energy (carbohydrates) may be sufficient.

2. Marasmus

• Cause: Deficiency of both protein and calories

• Typical Age: Infants under 1 year

• Clinical Features:

  • Severe wasting and muscle loss

  • Prominent ribs and sunken eyes

  • No edema

  • Alert but irritable

• Key Insight: Total energy deficit leads to extreme emaciation.