Which type of defect is most prevalent?
1) 1-wall defect
2) 2-wall defect
3) 3-wall defect
4) None of the above

One-wall defects, also known as infrabony defects, are indeed the most common type of osseous defects found in periodontal disease. These defects are characterized by the loss of alveolar bone on one side of the tooth root, leaving a bony depression or "cup" that can harbor plaque and bacteria, contributing to the progression of periodontal disease.

The ideal treatment for a tooth (75) with caries touching the pulp horn at age 7 is:

1) Indirect pulp capping and steel crown

2) Pulpotomy and steel crown

3) Pulpectomy and steel crown

4) Extraction and space maintainer

At this age, a pulpotomy (removal of the coronal pulp) is appropriate as it preserves the remaining vital tissue while addressing caries.

Thymol is preservative used for:
1) Halothane
2) Isoflurane
3) Desflurane
4) Enflurane

Halothane is stored in amber-colored bottles and contains thymol 0.01% as a preservative to prevent decomposition by light.

What is the primary purpose of maintaining accurate and complete dental records?

1. To comply with legal requirements
2. To facilitate effective communication among dental professionals
3. To ensure proper patient care and treatment planning
4. All of the above

Accurate and complete dental records serve multiple purposes, including legal documentation, communication among dental professionals, patient care and treatment planning, and insurance reimbursement. They are essential for continuity of care, patient safety, and practice management.

In Angle’s class III malocclusion, mandibular anterior teeth will be

1) Proclined
2) Retroclined
3) Inclined
4) Any of the above

SOLUTION

The reason is found in the concept of "dental compensation for skeletal discrepancy.  This can occur naturally as well as being created by orthodontic camouflage treatment.

In mandibular prognathism, for instance, as the individual grows the upper incisors tend to protrude while the lower incisors incline lingually.

By the time growth is completed, the dental discrepancy usually is smaller than the jaw discrepancy. 

Tooth position has compensated at least partially for the jaw discrepancy.

The best way to clean a cavity before the placement of GIC is:

1) H2O2

2) Phosphoric Acid

3) Polyacrylic acid

4) Saline

Polyacrylic acid is recommended for cleaning a cavity before using GIC as it helps create an effective bond while preserving the integrity of dentin moisture.

Bitewing radiography is the main special test used to help in the diagnosis of proximal caries. What is a reasonable summary of the diagnostic accuracy of bitewing radiography for proximal caries diagnosis?
1) Moderate sensitivity and low specificity
2) Moderate sensitivity and moderate specificity
3) Moderate sensitivity and high specificity
4) High sensitivity and moderate specificity
5) High sensitivity and high specificity

Bitewing radiography is known for its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting proximal caries, making it a valuable diagnostic tool.

White coat hypertension refers to: 1) Low blood pressure when seeing a doctor 2) Elevated blood pressure only in a medical setting 3) Consistently high blood pressure at all times 4) Normal blood pressure at all times

White coat hypertension occurs when blood pressure is elevated only in the presence of healthcare workers.

The normal growing mandible exhibits which of the following characteristics?

1) Resorbs along the posterior rami.

2) Grows more vertically than horizontally.

3) Has completed 100% of its growth by age 13 in females.

4) Has latent post-pubertal growth potential.

Mandibular growth continues into adulthood, with post-pubertal growth potential contributing to facial development and occlusal changes.

What is the most common failure of a Maryland bridge?
1) Fracture of the pontic
2) Retention failure
3) Caries at the abutment teeth
4) Periodontal disease

Retention failure is the most common problem associated with Maryland bridges, often due to inadequate bonding to the enamel.

The bacterial population in the gingival sulcus or the pocket that influences the course of periodontal disease has been found to involve 1 bacteria indigenous to the oral cavity 2. essentially a pure culture 3. essentially the same organisms found in the healthy sulcus 4. mostly aerobic bacteria

The bacterial population in the gingival sulcus or the pocket that influences the course of periodontal disease has essentially the same organisms found in the healthy sulcus

A patient returns from holiday with diarrhea and vomiting after eating street food. What is the likely diagnosis?
1) Hepatitis A
2) Norovirus infection
3) Gastroenteritis
4) Food poisoning

Hepatitis A is often associated with consuming contaminated food or water, especially in areas with poor sanitation.

In which situation is it generally considered unethical for a dentist to terminate a patient-provider relationship?

1)   Non-compliance with treatment recommendations
2) Patient non-payment for services
3) Patient's lack of respect for the dentist or staff
4) Patient's refusal of a recommended treatment plan

While dentists have the right to set their own financial policies, terminating a relationship solely on the basis of non-payment may not be ethical, especially if it results in the patient being denied necessary care.

In which of the following situations is it most crucial to obtain informed consent from a patient?

1) Routine dental cleaning
2) Filling a cavity with local anesthesia
3) Extracting a wisdom tooth
4) Performing oral surgery under general anesthesia

Informed consent is crucial for any treatment with significant risks or potential complications. Oral surgery under general anesthesia involves greater risks than routine procedures and thus requires thorough discussion and consent.

Which of the following actions would be considered unethical in a dental practice?

1) Providing treatment based on the patient's informed consent

2) Discussing treatment options with the patient

3) Referring a patient to a specialist when necessary

4) Falsifying patient records to justify treatment

Falsifying records is unethical and illegal, as it compromises patient safety and trust, and violates legal standards of practice

Naloxone reverses the actions of:
1) Morphine
2) Diazepam
3) Thiopentone
4) All of the above

An increase of the pressure within one of the carotid sinuses would result in an increase in 1) Mean arterial pressure 2) Cardiac output 3) The activity of the pressor center 4) The activity of cardiac vagal fibers

An increase of the pressure within one of the carotid sinuses would result in an increase in The activity of cardiac vagal fibers

Which type of rest is often used for additional support or indirect retention?
1) Primary rest
2) Secondary rest
3) Occlusal rest
4) Cingulum rest

Secondary or auxiliary rests provide additional support and help in maintaining retention in the RPD.

What is the percentage of edentulous patients in England and Scotland?
1) 10%
2) 25%
3) 50%
4) 64%

Approximately 64% of adults over 65 years are edentulous in the UK, reflecting the impact of dental health over time.

Rejecting, negative inquiry, and fogging, are all responses for which type of criticism.

1) Postive criticism.
2) Destructive criticism.
3) False criticism.
4) Constructive criticism.

Rejecting, negative inquiry, and fogging are all responses that are typically associated with destructive criticism. Destructive criticism refers to feedback or comments that are unhelpful, hurtful, or aimed at tearing down the person or their work rather than providing constructive suggestions for improvement. These responses mentioned in the question indicate a dismissive attitude, a negative questioning approach, and an attempt to obscure or evade the issue, all of which are characteristic of destructive criticism.

At the end of a balanced anaesthesia technique with non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, a patient recovered spontaneously from the effect of muscle relaxant without any reversal. Which of the below given is the most probable relaxant the patient received?

1. Pancuronium
2. Gallamine
3. Atracurium
4. Vecuronium

The patient must have received Atracurium which is a short-acting muscle relaxant. Non-enzymatic degradation (Hofmann elimination) inactivates it spontaneously in addition to that by cholinesterase. Therefore, reversal is usually not required when it is used.

Zinc phosphate cement powder contains zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, bismuth oxide

The working time of zinc-phosphate cement:

1) Is shortened if moisture condenses on the mixing slab during the mixing process.

2) Is lengthened if the powder is mixed with the liquid as quickly as possible.

3) Is shortened if the mixing slab is cooled.

4) Is shortened by adding a small quantity of powder to the liquid a minute prior to start mixing.

Explanation: Moisture condensation increases the reactivity of zinc-phosphate cement, accelerating the setting reaction and shortening the working time.

The nerve to masseter passes 1. deep to the medial pterygoid muscle 2. posterior to temporomandibular joint 3. superior to zygomatic arch to enter the muscle on its medial surface 4. through the mandibular notch to enter the muscle on its medial surface

The nerve to masseter passes posterior to temporomandibular joint

For composite resin preparations, cavosurface enamel margins are bevelled because

1. A bevelled margin produces a more favorable surface for etching.
2. A bevelled margin improves the edge strength of the composite resin.
3. After etching, the bonding agent reduces microleakage.
4. The procedure eliminates the need to polish the restoration.

1) (1) (2) (3)
2) (1) and (3)
3) (2) and (4)
4) (4) only

Beveling the margins of a cavity preparation for composite resin has specific benefits:

• Favorable surface for etching: A bevelled margin increases the surface area for bonding and improves the etching process.
• Reduces microleakage: Proper bonding after etching can help seal the margins and reduce the risk of microleakage.
• Edge strength: While beveling can improve aesthetics and bonding, the primary reasons are related to etching and sealing.

If maxillary canines are placed forward to orbital plane, they are said to be in

1) Protraction

2) Retraction

3) Abstraction

4) Contraction

SOLUTION
Simon used the orbital plane (a plane perpendicular to the F-H plane at the margin of the bony orbit directly under the pupil of the eye).

According to Simon, in normal arch relationship, the orbital plane passes through the distal axial aspect of the maxillary canine

Malocclusions described as anteropostenor deviations based on their distance from the orbital plane are as follows:

1. Protraction: The teeth, one or both, dental arches, andYor jaws are too far forward, i.e. placed forward or anterior to the plane as compared to the normal where the plane passes through the distal incline of the canine.

2. Retraction: The teeth, one or both dental arches and/or jaws are too far backward, i.e. placed posterior to the plane than normal

Nonselective beta blocker possessing quinidine-like membrane stabilizing effects.

1)  pindolol
2)  acebutolol
3)   sotalol
4)  esmolol

Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, labetalol, and pindolol, can have membrane stabilizing effects (eg, quinidinelike effects, Vaughan-Williams class I antiarrhythmic effects). This property, usually not evident with therapeutic doses, may significantly contribute to toxicity by prolonging QRS duration and impairing cardiac conduction. Seizures are more commonly observed in the drugs with quinidinelike membrane stabilizing effects.

Which one of these is the etiological factors of tongue thrust?

1) Hyposensitive palate
2) Hypertonic orbicularis oris activity
3) Macroglossia
4) All of these

Etiology of Tongue thrust
Fletcher has proposed the following factors as being the cause for tongue thrusting. 

Genetic factors : They are specific anatomic or neuromuscular variations in the oro-facial region that can precipitate tongue thrust. e.g. Hypertonic orbicularies oris activity. 

Learned behaviour (habit) : Tongue thrust can be acquired as a habit.

 The following are some of the predisposing factors that can lead to tongue thrusting:
          a. Improper bottle feeding
          b. Prolonged thumb sucking
          c. Prolonged tonsillar and upper respiratory tract infections
          d. Prolonged duration of tenderness of gum or teeth can result in a change in swallowing pattern to avoid pressure on the tender zone.
          
Maturational : Tongue thrust can present as part of a normal childhood behaviour that is gradually modified as the age advances. The infantile swallow changes to a mature swallow once the posterior deciduous teeth start erupting.

Sometimes the maturation is delayed and thus infantile swallow persists for a longer duration of time. 

Mechanical restrictions : The presence of certain conditions such as macroglossia, constricted dental arches and enlarged adenoids predispose to tongue thrust habit. 

Neurological disturbance: Neurological disturbances affecting the oro-facial region such as hyposensitive palate and moderate motor disability can cause tongue thrust habit. 

Psychogenic factors : Tongue thrust can sometimes occur as a result of forced discontinuation of other habits like thumb sucking. It is often seen that children who are forced to leave thumb sucking habit often take up tongue thrusting.

What percentage of adults in the UK are alcoholics?
1) 3%
2) 5%
3) 10%
4) 15%

Approximately 5% of adults in the UK are classified as alcoholics, indicating a significant public health concern.

The elastomeric impression material commonly supplied as a base paste & a liquid catalyst is :

1) Polysulfide
2) Condensation silicone
3) Addition silicone
4) Polyether

The condensation silicone impression materials are supplied as a base paste and a low-viscosity liquid catalyst (or a paste catalyst).
Putty is a high-viscosity material that has been developed in order to overcome the large polymerization shrinkage of the condensation silicone impression materials.
All the other impression materials are generally supplied as catalyst paste & base paste.

Apart from composites and ceramics, another material that could be copy milled easily and inexpensively is:

1) Molybdenum
2) Germanium
3) Titanium
4) Chromium

Fabrication of ceramics and metals like titanium that are difficult to cast, is done by CAD-CAM process and copy milling.

Clinically significant drug interaction occurs between pyridoxine and all the following drugs except? 

1) Isoniazid
2) Cyclosporine
3) Levodopa
4) Hydralazine

Pyridoxine – drug interactions :

INH – induces a pyridoxine deficiency state
Levodopa – pyridoxine promotes peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine – thus it decreases therapeutic action of levodopa in the brain
Oral contraceptive pills – decrease pyridoxine levels in some females
Hydralazine – impairment of pyridoxine utilisation
4-deoxy pyridoxine – pyridoxine antagonist

A persistent oroantral fistula for a 12-week period following the extraction of a maxillary first permanent molar is best treated by:

1) Further review and reassurance since it will most probably heal spontaneously

2) Antibiotic therapy and nasal decongestants

3) Curettage and dressing of the defect

4) Excision of the fistula and surgical closure

Surgical closure is the most effective treatment for a persistent oroantral fistula, especially after 12 weeks, as spontaneous healing is unlikely.

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of local anesthesia in a geriatric patient?
1) Hypertension
4) Cardiovascular disease
3) Diabetes
4) All of the above

All of the listed conditions can influence the patient's response to local anesthetics. It is important to carefully consider the patient's medical history and current medications before administering local anesthesia.

What is the primary concern when using templates for dental records?

1. Lack of flexibility
2. High cost of implementation
3. Limited accessibility for patients
4. Requires advanced IT skills

While templates can help organize information, the primary concern is that they may not capture all individual aspects of a patient's case or allow for the nuances of personalized care. Each patient's dental health can vary widely, so relying solely on templates can lead to a standardized approach that doesn't meet all patient needs.

Not a physical property of propofol:

1. Water based preparation
2. Colour of the solution is white
3. It contains egg lecithin
4. Used as 2% strength

Propofol is oil based preparation containing soybean oil, egg lecithin and glycerol. The colour is milky white and available as 1% and 2% strength.

Apicoectomy is CONTRAINDICATED when

1) periodontal disease causes inadequate bony support.
2) there is a granuloma at the apex of the tooth.
3) more than one tooth is involved
4) the cortical plate is more than 4mm thick.

An apicoectomy is contraindicated in situations where the periodontal support is compromised:

• Periodontal disease causes inadequate bony support: If the tooth has significant periodontal disease leading to loss of supporting bone, the prognosis for the tooth after an apicoectomy is poor. The lack of adequate bony support can lead to tooth mobility and failure of the procedure.
• Granuloma at the apex: This is not a contraindication; in fact, granulomas are often the reason for performing an apicoectomy.
• More than one tooth involved: This is not a direct contraindication; it depends on the specific situation of each tooth.
• Cortical plate thickness: The thickness of the cortical plate is not a standard contraindication for apicoectomy.
• Diabetes: While diabetes can complicate healing, it is not an absolute contraindication for the procedure.

In permanent teeth, two pulp canals are most commonly found in the

1) distobuccal root of maxillary molars.
2) distal root of mandibular first molars.
3) palatal root of maxillary first premolars.
4) mesial root of mandibular first molars.

The mesial root of mandibular first molars is known to commonly contain two pulp canals. This anatomical feature is significant for endodontic treatment, as it requires careful exploration and cleaning to ensure all canals are adequately treated.