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Physiology
The pupillary light reflex is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and acts on muscarinic receptors. The contraction of the sphincter pupillae muscle, which is innervated by the parasympa
Orthodontics
SOLUTION
If heavy pressure is applied to a tooth, pain develops almost immediately as the PDL is literally crushed.
There is no excuse for using force levels for orthodontic tooth movement that produce immediate p
Physiology
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is primarily determined by net filtration pressure and the glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (Kf), which reflects the permeability of the glomerular membrane.