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General Medicine
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium, leading to proliferation of mesangial cells and the formation of a dense, double-contour appearance.
General Medicine
While hypercalcemia can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and cardiac arrhythmias, these are usually reversible with correction of calcium levels. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a late complication resulting from long-standing increased bo
General Microbiology
Antibodies neutralize exotoxins by binding to their protein components, preventing them from interacting with host cells and causing damage. This immune response is critical for protecting the host from the harmful effects of these toxins.