NEET MDS Shorts
196530
General MicrobiologyThe Paul-Bunnel test is a classic heterophile antibody test used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis, primarily caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It detects heterophile antibodies that are typically present in patients with this condition. While ELISA and other tests can also be used, the Paul-Bunnel test is historically significant and widely recognized for this diagnosis.
763095
General Microbiologythe live oral vaccine for typhoid fever is Typhoralx, which is a Gal E mutant of S. typhi. The mechanism of action involves the attenuated bacteria colonizing the intestinal mucosa and inducing an immune response that protects against subsequent infection with the pathogenic strain.
662980
General MicrobiologyThe Medusa head appearance is characteristic of virulent strains of anthrax bacilli.
501791
General MicrobiologyHLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) class I antigens are crucial in the immune response to infections and also play a significant role in graft rejection. They present antigens to CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells), which then target and destroy infected or foreign cells. While they do not directly activate B cells or CD4+ T cells, they are involved in the recognition of cells by the adaptive immune system and thus are important in the overall immune response.
884241
General MicrobiologyRecurrent pyogenic infections are associated with a deficiency in C5 to C8 components of the complement system.
195989
General MicrobiologyAmoebic dysentery stool is typically dark red and acidic, while bacillary dysentery stool is bright red and alkaline.
971452
General MicrobiologyType VII bacteriophage types of diphtheria bacilli are associated with avirulent strains.
131418
General MicrobiologyThe typical clinical features of typhoid fever can be listed as follows:
1. High fever, bradycardia, and a palpable spleen: Typhoid fever is
characterized by a sustained high fever, often reaching 103°F to 104°F (39°C to
40°C). Bradycardia, or a slower than normal heart rate, occurs in some cases.
The spleen may also become enlarged and palpable due to the infection.
2. Rash, joint pain, and respiratory symptoms: Some patients may develop a rash
known as "Rose spots," which are small, red spots on the abdomen and chest.
Joint pain can occur, and respiratory symptoms may include a dry cough.
3. Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting: Diarrhea and severe abdominal
cramps are common in the early stages of typhoid fever, which can lead to
significant dehydration and discomfort for the patient.
4. Headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness: Headaches and sensitivity to light
(photophobia) are often present, and in severe cases, neck stiffness can occur
due to inflammation of the meninges, known as meningitis.