Enflurane (Ethrane) MAC 1.68, Blood/gas solubility ratio 1.9 - Extremely stable chemically. - Less potent and less soluble in blood than is halothane. - Respiratory depression is similar to that seen with halothane. - Cardiac output is not depressed as much as with halothane, and the heart is not sensitized...

Regulation of Blood Pressure by Hormones The Kidney One of the functions of the kidney is to monitor blood pressure and take corrective action if it should drop. The kidney does this by secreting the proteolytic enzyme renin. Renin acts on angiotensinogen, a plasma peptide, splitting off a fragment containing...

Haemolytic anaemia  Anemia due to increased red cell destruction (shortened life span) Causes: A. Corpuscular defects: 1.Membrane defects:     - Spherocytosis.     - Elliptocytosis. 2. Haemoglobinopathies:     - Sickle cell anaemia.     - Thalassaemia     - Hb-C, HBD, HbE.      3. Enzyme defects .deficiency of:     - GIucose -6...

Fluconazole: an antifungal used orally,  intravenously or vaginally to treat yeast and fungal infections. Side-effects of systemic administration include hepatotoxicity (liver damage). For vaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush), a once-only oral dose is often sufficient.

Wedging Techniques Various wedging methods are employed to achieve optimal results, especially in cases involving gingival recession or wide proximal boxes. Below are descriptions of different wedging techniques, including "piggy back" wedging, double wedging, and wedge wedging. 1. Piggy Back Wedging A. Description Technique: In piggy back wedging, a second...

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES Cardiac glycosides (Digitalis) Digoxin Digitoxin Sympathomimetics Dobutamine Dopamine Vasodilators α-blockers (prazosin) Nitroprusside ACE-inhibitors (captopril) Pharmacology of Cardiac Glycosides 1. Positive inotropic effect (as a result of increase  C.O., the symptoms of CHF subside). 2. Effects on other cardiac parameters 1) Excitability 2) Conduction Velocity; slightly increased in atria...

MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS Viewed mesially or distally, a maxillary central incisor looks like a wedge, with the point of the wedge at the incisal (cutting) edge of the tooth. Facial Surface- The mesial margin is nearly straight and meets the incisal edge at almost a 90° angle, but the distal...

Nimesulide analgesic and  antipyretic properties Nimesulide is a relatively COX-2 selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its approved indications are the treatment of acute pain, the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescents and adults above 12 years old. Banned - not used

INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY The elements of the innate (non-specific) immune system include anatomical barriers, secretory molecules and cellular components.  Among the mechanical anatomical barriers are the skin and internal epithelial layers, the movement of the intestines and the oscillation of broncho-pulmonary cilia.  Associated with these protective surfaces are chemical and...

Antidepressant Drugs Drug treatment of depression is based on increasing serotonin (5-HT) or NE (or both) at synapses in selective tracts in the brain. This can be accomplished by different mechanisms. Treatment takes several weeks to reach full clinical efficacy. 1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) a. Amitriptyline b. Desipramine c. Doxepin...

Lymphocytosis: Causes -Infections in children and the neutropenic infections in adults. -Lymphocytic leukaemia. -Infectious mononucleosis. -Toxdplasmosis. -Myast'henia gravis.

Pulpectomy Primary tooth endodontics, commonly referred to as pulpectomy, is a dental procedure aimed at treating the pulp of primary (deciduous) teeth that have become necrotic or infected. The primary goal of this treatment is to maintain the integrity of the primary tooth, thereby preserving space for the permanent dentition...