Oxygen Transport in Blood: Hemoglobin A.    Association & Dissociation of Oxygen + Hemoglobin 1.    oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) - oxygen molecule bound 2.    deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) - oxygen unbound      H-Hb     +    O2  <= === => HbO2 + H+ 3.    binding gets more efficient as each O2 binds 4.    release gets...

Nerves of the Palate The sensory nerves of the palate, which are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, are the greater and lesser palatine nerves. They accompany the arteries through the greater and lesser palatine foramina, respectively. The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane, and glands of the hard...

General chromosome abnormalities The normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes, including 22 homologous pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX for female and XY for male). A somatic cell is diploid, containing 46 chromosomes. Gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes. Aneuploidy (a) Any deviation in the number...

Insulin Insulin is a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the pancreas by β-cells, which construct a single chain molecule called proinsulin.  Insulin, secreted by the β-cells of the pancreas in response to rising blood glucose levels, is a signal that glucose is abundant. Insulin binds to a specific receptor on the...

Marsupialization Marsupialization, also known as decompression, is a surgical procedure used primarily to treat cystic lesions, particularly odontogenic cysts, by creating a surgical window in the wall of the cyst. This technique aims to reduce intracystic pressure, promote the shrinkage of the cyst, and encourage bone fill in the surrounding...

Manipulation Mixing o    P/L types mixed in bowl (plaster and alginate) o    Thermoplastic materials not mixed (compound and agar-agar) o    Paste/paste types hand mixed on pad (zinc oxide-eugenol, polysulfide rubber, silicone rubber, polyether rubber. and poly-vinylsiloxane) o    Paste/paste mixed through a nozzle on an auto-mixing gun (poly-vinylsiloxane) Placement o    Mixed...

DIURETICS The basis for the use of diuretics is to promote sodium depletion (and thereby water) which leads to a decrease in extracellular fluid volume. An important aspect of diuretic therapy is to prevent the development of tolerance to other antihypertensive drugs. TYPES OF DIURETICS A. Thiazide Diuretics examples include...

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The Body Regulates pH in Several Ways Buffers are weak acid mixtures (such as bicarbonate/CO2) which minimize pH change Buffer is always a mixture of 2 compounds One compound takes up H ions if there are too many (H acceptor) The second compound releases H ions if there are not...

ERUPTION OF THE PERMANENT TOOTH - At the time at which the deciduous tooth erupts the tooth bud for the permanent tooth has already been building up enamel and dentin. - When the permanent tooth starts to erupt, pressure on the root of the deciduous tooth causes resorption by the...

Resistance Form in Dental Restorations Resistance Form A. Design Features Flat Pulpal and Gingival Floors: Flat surfaces provide stability and help distribute occlusal forces evenly across the restoration, reducing the risk of displacement. Box-Shaped Cavity: A box-shaped preparation enhances resistance by providing a larger surface area for bonding and mechanical...

The Frontalis Muscle The frontalis muscle is part of the scalp muscle called the occipitalfrontalis. The frontalis elevates the forehead, giving the face a surprised look, and produces transverse wrinkles in the forehead when one frowns.