Bio-availability of all proton pump inhibitors is reduced by food; they should be taken in empty stomach, followed 1 hour later by a meal to activate H+K+ ATPase and make it more susceptible to the proton pump inhibitor.

While hypercalcemia can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and cardiac arrhythmias, these are usually reversible with correction of calcium levels. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a late complication resulting from long-standing increased bone resorption and decreased bone density.

In AIDS patients, diffuse red lesions of the attached gingiva are common.

Hyperparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism can lead to bone demineralization, while osteopetrosis is characterized by increased bone density.

Hypertension is a key factor in diagnosing preeclampsia in a pregnant woman with ankle edema and proteinuria.