The gastrin family includes gastrin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Secretin belongs to the secretin family, which includes secretin, glucagon, and VIP. These two families are structurally similar but have distinct functions in the regulation of digestive processes.

Prophylactic spinal irradiation is often used in conditions like acute lymphatic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to prevent central nervous system involvement. However, it is not routinely used in Hodgkin's lymphoma unless there is a specific indication for it.

Green stains in children are often due to chromogenic bacteria.

Silicate cement is classified as a severely irritant to the pulp.

Supernumerary teeth, or extra teeth beyond the normal complement, typically arise from deviations during the initiation stage of dental development. This stage involves the formation of the dental lamina, which is responsible for the development of teeth. Abnormalities in this process can lead to the formation of additional teeth.