Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that can affect any organ in the body. It is characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, which are clumps of inflammatory cells that cluster together in response to an unidentified antigen. The lungs and lymph nodes are most commonly involved. Here's a detailed explanation for each of the options:

1. Dry cough: This is a common symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The cough is usually persistent and non-productive, meaning it does not bring up mucus or phlegm. The presence of a dry cough is not contradicted in the statement "All are true regarding Sarcoidosis except," so this option is not the correct answer.

2. Exertional dyspnoea: Shortness of breath on exertion can occur in individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis due to the inflammation and granuloma formation in the lungs. This symptom can be a result of the impaired lung function and decreased lung capacity caused by the disease. Therefore, this is also a true statement regarding sarcoidosis.

3. Wheezing: Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs during breathing, typically heard when airways become narrowed or blocked. It can be a symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis, particularly if the disease involves the bronchi and bronchioles, leading to bronchial obstruction and airflow limitation. However, it is not the primary symptom and may be less common than the other respiratory symptoms mentioned.

4. Hemoptysis: While hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is not a hallmark symptom of sarcoidosis, it can occur in some cases, particularly when the granulomas are located in the lungs. It is usually mild and self-limited, but severe cases can lead to significant bleeding. This is a true statement regarding sarcoidosis, as it is a possible, although less common, respiratory symptom of the disease.

Since all the options (1, 2, and 4) are true regarding Sarcoidosis

The first vascular reaction in inflammation is Vasodilation.

Explanation:

Inflammation is the body's protective response to tissue injury or infection. It is characterized by the classical signs of redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). The initial vascular changes in the inflammatory process include:

1. Vasoconstriction: This is a temporary response that occurs immediately after injury to minimize blood loss. However, it is quickly followed by the more significant and prolonged phase of vasodilation.

2. Vasodilation: This is the first major vascular reaction in the inflammatory response. Vasodilation occurs due to the release of substances such as histamine, bradykinins, and prostaglandins from the damaged tissue cells and mast cells. These substances are known as vasodilators and they cause the smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels to relax, leading to an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels. This results in increased blood flow to the injured area, which is essential for delivering white blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the site of inflammation. The increased blood flow is what causes the characteristic redness and heat of an inflamed area.

3. Increased vascular permeability: Although it is not the first vascular reaction, increased vascular permeability is a critical component of the inflammatory process. After vasodilation, the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma and proteins to leak out of the vessels into the surrounding tissue. This leads to the formation of an exudate, which is the accumulation of fluid and proteins that makes up the swelling (edema) seen in inflammation.

4. Marginisation or Pavementing: This is the process where neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) move along the walls of blood vessels towards the site of inflammation. It occurs later in the inflammatory response after the initial vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. These cells then migrate through the vessel walls into the tissue to combat pathogens and debris.

1. People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP):
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way the skin and eyes repair damage from UV radiation. Individuals with XP have a deficiency in the DNA repair mechanism that normally removes UV-induced lesions. As a result, their cells are more prone to mutations, which can lead to skin cancer. There are several types of XP, and they vary in severity, but all are characterized by extreme sensitivity to UV light, leading to early aging of the skin, pigmentation changes, and a high risk of developing multiple skin cancers, including melanoma, at a very young age.

2. Fanconi Anemia:
Fanconi anemia is another genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to repair DNA. It is not exclusively related to UV radiation but rather to a defect in the repair of DNA crosslinks, which can be caused by various agents, including UV light. Patients with Fanconi anemia have an increased susceptibility to various cancers, including skin cancers. Their cells have a higher frequency of chromosomal instability and DNA damage, which can be exacerbated by UV exposure. However, it's essential to note that the primary cancer risk in Fanconi anemia is related to the underlying defect in DNA repair and not solely to UV light.

3. Telangiectasia:
Telangiectasia is a condition where small blood vessels, especially those in the skin, widen and become visible. While telangiectasia itself does not increase the risk of skin cancer, individuals with certain forms of this condition may have a higher susceptibility to UV light damage. For example, some patients with telangiectasia may also have a genetic mutation or an acquired defect in the skin that results in poor repair of UV-induced DNA damage. This can lead to a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, telangiectasias are often found in areas of the skin that have been exposed to significant UV radiation, such as the face, neck, and hands, which are common sites for these types of skin cancers.

In summary, all of the conditions mentioned (Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Fanconi Anemia, and Telangiectasia) can increase the susceptibility to UV light-induced carcinogenesis due to their respective impairments in DNA repair mechanisms and skin responses to UV radiation.

Nuclear cytoplasmic asynchrony refers to a condition where the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell do not develop at the same rate. This can occur in various forms of anemia and other pathological conditions. Here's a detailed explanation of the concept and its relevance to the options provided:

1. Megaloblastic Anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, immature, nucleated red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. This condition is primarily caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are essential for DNA synthesis during cell division. The nucleus of the cells divides more slowly than the cytoplasm, leading to an asynchronous development and the formation of large, abnormal cells. In megaloblastic anemia, the nucleus is often large and hyperchromatic (darkly stained), while the cytoplasm is relatively less developed and pale. Therefore, this option is the most appropriate answer.

2. Fe Deficiency Anemia: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide, resulting from a lack of iron in the body. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. In this condition, the body produces smaller than normal red blood cells (microcytic) that lack hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen transport. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the erythrocytes are typically smaller than normal, and there is no significant asynchrony in their development. Hence, this option is not a characteristic feature of nuclear cytoplasmic asynchrony.

3. Erythroblastosis Fetalis: This is a condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus. The mother's immune system produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction. This causes anemia in the newborn. However, erythroblastosis fetalis is not typically associated with nuclear cytoplasmic asynchrony. The anemia is a result of hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) rather than an intrinsic defect in the development of the cells themselves. Thus, this option is not the correct answer for this characteristic feature.

correct answer is:
1. Megaloblastic anemia

This is because megaloblastic anemia is the condition where nuclear cytoplasmic asynchrony is a hallmark feature due to the disproportionate growth of the nucleus and cytoplasm in red blood cell precursors, resulting from vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies affecting DNA synthesis.

Leptospirosis, Malaria, Viral Hepatitis A can produce febrile jaundice