NEET MDS Shorts
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Oral MedicineNystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
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Oral MedicinePTHrP is a protein that is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) but is produced by some tumor cells. It acts on the PTH receptor, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood, similar to PTH. HHM is most often associated with overproduction of PTHrP by tumors, causing hypercalcemia without the typical elevation in PTH levels seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Oral medicineAn antibioma is a localized mass of granulation tissue that forms in response to the presence of antibiotics, often as a result of an infection. It is not a tumor in the traditional sense but rather a reactive tissue response to the antibiotic treatment.
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Oral MedicineHigh amylase levels in pleural fluid can indicate either a pancreatic or an esophageal origin of the effusion. It is not specific to one condition and further diagnostic tests are needed to determine the source.
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Oral MedicineDigoxin can cause hyperkalemia due to its effect on sodium-potassium ATPase pumps in cardiac cells, leading to increased intracellular sodium and decreased intracellular potassium. However, it is important to note that digoxin can also cause arrhythmias in the presence of high serum potassium levels.
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Oral MedicineChloramphenicol is known to have nephrotoxic effects and can exacerbate pre-existing kidney damage. It is essential to monitor renal function closely in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease when administering this antibiotic.
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Oral MedicineThe mitral valve is crucial in preventing the backflow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during systole, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart during the cardiac cycle.
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Oral MedicineAccording to the provided risk factor list for atherosclerosis, men are considered at increased risk for coronary heart disease starting at the age of 45 years.