558424

442916

A higher drop-out rate can reduce the power of a study, as it leads to a smaller sample size and potentially less reliable results. To maintain the statistical significance and power of the study, a larger sample size must be enrolled initially to account for the expected number of participants who will not complete the study. Other factors that influence sample size include the incidence of the disease, the significance level, and the size of the expected treatment effect, but the question specifically asks about the impact of an increasing drop-out rate.

834941

Disclosing agents are solutions or tablets that are used to reveal plaque and food debris on the teeth that are not easily seen with the naked eye. When children can visually see the areas they need to clean more thoroughly, they are more likely to understand the importance of good oral hygiene and improve their brushing and flossing techniques.

337670

1. Rate: A rate is a measure that expresses the change in one variable with
respect to another variable, often over a specific period of time. It is
typically used to express quantities like speed, velocity, heart rate, or the
occurrence of an event within a given time frame. For instance, the rate of a
car traveling might be measured in miles per hour (miles/hour) or the rate of a
reaction in chemistry might be measured in moles per second (mol/s).

2. Distribution: In the context of data analysis, a distribution is a pattern of
the range and frequency of values in a dataset. It can be represented visually
using histograms, box plots, or probability density functions. Distributions
help in understanding the spread and concentration of data and can be
categorized into types such as uniform, normal (bell-shaped), skewed, or
bimodal, among others.

3. Data: This is the raw information or material that is processed to extract
knowledge or insights. Data can be qualitative or quantitative, structured or
unstructured, and is used in various fields for decision-making, analysis, and
research. It can take the form of numbers, text, images, sound, or video, and is
often collected through surveys, experiments, or observations.

4. Frequency: As defined earlier, frequency is the number of occurrences of a
particular value or range of values in a dataset. It is fundamental in creating
frequency distributions and is used in various statistical measures such as
mode, median, and mean to describe the data's characteristics.

302390

The OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) index of Greene and Vermillion evaluates oral hygiene by assessing the extent to which calculus and debris cover six specified tooth surfaces (Answer: 4). This index is a simplified version of the original OHI index and is widely used in dental practice and research to evaluate the level of oral hygiene. It looks at the presence of debris and calculus on the lingual, labial, and buccal surfaces of the upper right first molar, lower left first molar, upper right central incisor, and lower left central incisor.

331060

The generally accepted "certainly lethal dose" range for 70 kg adults, i.e.,
from 5 to 10 g of sodium fluoride or from 32 to 64 mg fluoride/kg
The concept of a "probably toxic dose" (PTD) is advanced. The PTD, 5.0 mg
F/kg, is defined as the dose of ingested fluoride that should trigger immediate
therapeutic intervention and hospitalization because of the likelihood of
serious toxic consequences. 

313518

In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the experimenters know who
is receiving the treatment or the placebo. This is to prevent any bias in the
study results due to the expectations of the participants or the researchers.
The statement that the investigator can omit data that fails to support the
hypothesis is not correct; data should be analyzed as is to maintain the
integrity of the study.

795424

Dental plaque is a bacterial biofilm that forms on the teeth and is a common factor in the development of both dental caries and periodontal disease. While fluoride in drinking water can help prevent dental caries, it is not directly related to periodontal disease. Nutritional disturbances can affect the overall health of the individual but are not the sole cause of either
condition. Disturbed occlusion may be a risk factor for certain dental issues but is not universally common to both diseases.