Medulloblastoma is a malignant brain tumor that commonly occurs in children. Due to its tendency to spread along the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), craniospinal irradiation is an essential part of its treatment. Pilocytic astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas typically do not require this approach.

Prophylactic spinal irradiation is often used in conditions like acute lymphatic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to prevent central nervous system involvement. However, it is not routinely used in Hodgkin's lymphoma unless there is a specific indication for it.

Mitral Stenosis Radiological Findings

• Double atrial shadow: This is a common finding in mitral stenosis due to left atrial enlargement.
• Indentation of esophagus: The enlarged left atrium can compress the esophagus, leading to this finding.
• Narrow airspace behind the sternum: This is not typically associated with mitral stenosis. Instead, it may indicate other conditions such as lung pathology.
• Elevation of left bronchus: This can occur due to the enlarged left atrium pushing against the bronchus.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is characterized by recurrent thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and neurological symptoms. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) is often seen, while thrombocytosis (high platelet count) is not a typical feature of this syndrome.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is characterized by recurrent thrombosis (such as deep vein thrombosis), pregnancy complications (including spontaneous abortions), and can be associated with autoimmune symptoms like joint pain and fever. The prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) can also be seen in APS due to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies.