Nerve membrane stabilization action of local anaesthetic agents is due to preventing conductance of Na ions from the exterior of the nerve to the interior.

The elevators that employ both the lever and wedge principles during extraction of root tip are apex elevators and straight elevator.

Of the following, the maxillary first molar is the most difficult to anaesthetize by infiltration technique alone.

Rapid onset of action seen by local anaesthesia in small nerve endings is due to the high ratio of surface area to the volume of small nerve fibres.

The middle superior alveolar nerve (MSA) is one of the branches of the maxillary nerve that innervates the buccal gingival of the maxillary teeth, including the second premolar. The anterior palatine nerve innervates the palatal aspect, while the buccal nerve innervates the buccal mucosa and the anterior part of the palate.