1. Noduloulcerative Basal Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common subtype of BCC, making up about 60-70% of all cases. It typically appears as a slowly growing, round to oval, pearly or translucent nodule with a central ulceration that may bleed or ooze. The borders of the lesion are often not well-defined and may have a rolled, pearly edge with telangiectasias (small, dilated blood vessels).

2. Cystic Basal Cell Carcinoma: This subtype presents as a round, dome-shaped lesion with a cystic or fluid-filled center. It is less common than the noduloulcerative type, and it may be mistaken for a benign cyst or epidermoid cyst.

3. Morphoeic Basal Cell Carcinoma: Also known as sclerosing or morpheaform BCC, this type is characterized by a slowly growing, ill-defined, firm, plaque-like lesion that can infiltrate deeply into the skin. It may have a whitish, waxy appearance with a scar-like texture. Morphoeic BCC tends to be more aggressive and can be challenging to diagnose due to its subtlety.

4. Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma: This is a less common variant of BCC, accounting for approximately 6-15% of cases. It presents with pigmentation in the lesion, which can be brown, blue, or black. The presence of pigment can make it look similar to melanoma, another type of skin cancer, so a biopsy is often necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Sickle cell disease results from mutation, or change, of certain types of hemoglobin chains in red blood cells (the beta hemoglobin chains).

When the oxygen concentration in the blood is reduced, the red blood cell assumes the characteristic sickle shape. This causes the red blood cell to be stiff and rigid, and stops the smooth passage of the red blood cells through the narrow blood vessels.

All of the listed conditions (leukoplakia, solar keratosis, and margins of long-standing draining sinuses) are known precursors to squamous cell carcinoma.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that can affect any organ in the body. It is characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, which are clumps of inflammatory cells that cluster together in response to an unidentified antigen. The lungs and lymph nodes are most commonly involved. Here's a detailed explanation for each of the options:

1. Dry cough: This is a common symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The cough is usually persistent and non-productive, meaning it does not bring up mucus or phlegm. The presence of a dry cough is not contradicted in the statement "All are true regarding Sarcoidosis except," so this option is not the correct answer.

2. Exertional dyspnoea: Shortness of breath on exertion can occur in individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis due to the inflammation and granuloma formation in the lungs. This symptom can be a result of the impaired lung function and decreased lung capacity caused by the disease. Therefore, this is also a true statement regarding sarcoidosis.

3. Wheezing: Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs during breathing, typically heard when airways become narrowed or blocked. It can be a symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis, particularly if the disease involves the bronchi and bronchioles, leading to bronchial obstruction and airflow limitation. However, it is not the primary symptom and may be less common than the other respiratory symptoms mentioned.

4. Hemoptysis: While hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is not a hallmark symptom of sarcoidosis, it can occur in some cases, particularly when the granulomas are located in the lungs. It is usually mild and self-limited, but severe cases can lead to significant bleeding. This is a true statement regarding sarcoidosis, as it is a possible, although less common, respiratory symptom of the disease.

Since all the options (1, 2, and 4) are true regarding Sarcoidosis

Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in Megaloblastic anemia (option 3). Here is a detailed explanation:

1. Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition where there is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. It does not directly refer to the morphological changes in the neutrophils. The presence of enlarged or hypersegmented neutrophils is not a hallmark feature of leukopenia; rather, the condition is characterized by a low WBC count.

2. Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is the medical term for an increase in the number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. It can occur due to various conditions like infections, inflammation, or leukemia. However, hypersegmentation of neutrophils is not a typical finding in leukocytosis. The presence of enlarged neutrophils is also not characteristic of this condition.

3. Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs due to the lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid. These vitamins are essential for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In the case of vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, the red blood cells become large and immature, leading to their inability to function properly. Additionally, neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, can also become enlarged and hypersegmented in megaloblastic anemia. The enlarged neutrophils are called "megaloblastic neutrophils" or "hypersegmented neutrophils." The hypersegmentation occurs due to the defect in DNA synthesis that results from the vitamin deficiency, causing the nucleus of the neutrophil to segment more than the normal 2-5 lobes.

4. Acute myeloid leukemia: While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are not a typical feature of this condition. In AML, the bone marrow is filled with abnormal, immature cells called blasts, which do not mature properly and function as normal blood cells. However, AML can present with a variety of morphological changes in neutrophils, such as Auer rods, but hypersegmentation is not specific to AML.

Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly associated with Megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and leads to abnormal cell maturation in the bone marrow, affecting both red and white blood cells.