Pure hinge-like opening and closing movement: The range of pure rotation in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was determined to be up to 15–20 mm in the 1960s. However, recent research suggests that pure rotational movement may not occur. 

Protrusive movement: The normal range of motion for protrusive movement is 8–12 mm. 

Left lateral movement: The normal range of motion for left lateral movement is 8–12 mm. The normal range of motion for mouth opening is 35–60 mm.

The average immediate Bennett shift was found to be 1.05 mm on the left side and 1.12 mm on the right side when firm guidance was used.

• Description: Involves enamel, dentin, and exposes the pulp.
• Endodontic Consideration: This type of fracture typically requires endodontic treatment (root canal therapy) to manage the exposed pulp and prevent infection. The prognosis depends on the extent of the fracture and the vitality of the pulp.