85414

In endodontics, files are numbered according to their size, with smaller numbers indicating larger files. The smallest file commonly used is size 6.

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Normal biting force in natural dentition is approximately 600 N (Newtons), while complete denture wearers can generate only about 110 N due to reduced proprioception and denture movement.

85390

The best medium to carry an avulsed tooth to the dental clinic is milk. Milk is ideal because: 1) Osmolality similar to tissue fluids maintains cell viability, 2) pH is compatible with periodontal ligament cells, 3) Low bacterial content reduces contamination risk, 4) Readily available in most situations, 5) Can maintain PDL cell viability for 1-2 hours. Buccal vestibule is good but not always practical for young children, water causes cell lysis due to osmotic pressure, and cotton causes dehydration. Milk provides the best storage environment for maintaining cell viability.

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An ideal root canal sealer should have all the mentioned properties: 1) Fills the space between cone and canal walls - primary mechanical function, 2) Should have antibiotic properties - to eliminate residual bacteria and prevent reinfection, 3) Should be biologically acceptable - biocompatible with periapical tissues, non-toxic, and non-irritating, 4) Additional ideal properties include: dimensional stability, easy mixing and placement, radiopacity, and easy removal if retreatment needed. No current sealer meets all ideal requirements completely, but these remain the goals for sealer development.

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Envelope flaps limit access to the operative site and often heal with scar formation due to inadequate blood supply at the incision line. Triangular and rectangular flaps provide better access and healing.

74376

Establishing drainage is the first priority in acute apical abscess with swelling. This can be through pulp chamber access, incision and drainage, or extraction - whichever provides fastest drainage and pressure relief.

24351

Obturation of root canal should achieve all the mentioned objectives: 1) Tug-back - indicates proper fit and resistance form of the master cone, 2) Hermetic seal - prevents microleakage and bacterial penetration, 3) Fluid-free seal - eliminates pathways for tissue fluids that can support bacterial growth, 4) Additionally should provide: complete filling of canal system, biocompatibility, and dimensional stability. These objectives work together to ensure long-term success by eliminating bacterial contamination and preventing reinfection of the periapical tissues.

24934

Aging pulp is characterized by increased fibrosis and formation of pulp stones (denticles). There is actually decreased vascularity and fewer fibroblasts with age, making option 2 the correct answer.

53102

An apicectomy (or root-end resection) is a minor surgical procedure performed to remove the apex, or very end, of a tooth's root. This procedure is typically necessary when inflammation or infection persists in the bony area around the end of a tooth after a standard root canal procedure has failed. The procedure is often followed by a retrograde filling (retrograde restoration) to seal the end of the root canal.

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