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chemical disinfection is cold strelization

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Diphtheria serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.

Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes infected. Signs and symptoms may include:

A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
A sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever and chills
Tiredness

Skin (cutaneous) diphtheria
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin, causing pain, redness and swelling similar to other bacterial skin infections. Ulcers covered by a gray membrane also may be a sign of skin diphtheria.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Fluorescent microscopy can be used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens, especially when using specific fluorescent dyes (like auramine-rhodamine) that bind to the mycobacterial cell wall. This method allows for the visualization of the bacteria under a fluorescence microscope, making it a valuable tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

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N-acetyl muramic is intermediate in the biosynthesis the cell wall

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The destruction of microorganisms on living tissues, as long as there is contact between the tissues and the antimicrobial agent, denotes antisepsis (option 2). Antisepsis refers to the application of antimicrobial agents to living tissues to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

1. Sterilization:

   • This is the process of completely eliminating all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, from an object or surface. Sterilization is typically achieved through methods such as autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, chemical sterilants, or radiation. Sterilization is used for medical instruments, laboratory equipment, and other items that must be free of all microorganisms.

2. Antisepsis:

   • Antisepsis refers to the application of antimicrobial agents to living tissues to reduce the risk of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are used on skin and mucous membranes to prevent infection during surgical procedures, wound care, and other medical interventions. Common antiseptics include alcohol, iodine solutions, and chlorhexidine.

3. Sanitization:

   • Sanitization is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces or objects to a level considered safe by public health standards. This does not necessarily eliminate all microorganisms but reduces them to a level that minimizes the risk of infection or disease. Sanitization is commonly used in food service, public restrooms, and other environments where hygiene is important.

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1. Incubation period: This term is typically used for infectious diseases and refers to the time between exposure to the infectious agent and the onset of symptoms.

2. Serial interval: This refers to the time between successive cases in a chain of transmission, specifically in infectious diseases.

3. Latent period: This is the time from the initiation of the disease process (or exposure to a risk factor) until the disease is detectable or until symptoms appear. In non-infectious diseases, this period can be significant, as the disease may be developing without any noticeable symptoms.

4. Lag time: This term can refer to various delays in processes but is not specifically defined in the context of disease initiation and detection.

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The bacteria having the highest lipid Content in the cell wall Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Colonies of E. coli serotype O157:H7 appear on Mac Conkey Sorbitol Agar as colourless colonies non-sorbitol fermenter. Others E. coli, sorbitol fermenters, give red colonies and gram-negative non-sorbitol fermenters appear translucent.

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There are some enzymes that cause protein to coagulate rather than to produce simpler compund These are known as lab enzymes

1. Coagulase:

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The minimum and maximum temperature for normal metabolic activity microorganisms that live on or within the human body is 20° C to 45°C