NEET MDS Shorts
11713
Pathology
Oncofoetal antigens are substances that are normally present in the
developing fetus but are found in abnormally high quantities in the tissues of
certain cancer cells. These antigens are proteins that can be used as markers
for the detection of certain types of cancers. The presence of these antigens in
cancer cells suggests that the tumor cells have partially reverted to a more
primitive, embryonic stage of development.
Explanation for each option:
1. á-Fetoprotein (AFP): This is an oncofoetal antigen. It is a glycoprotein that
is produced by the liver cells of the developing fetus. In adults, the
production of AFP is usually very low. However, in cases of certain cancers such
as hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) and some types of testicular
cancer, the tumor cells start producing AFP in large amounts. Therefore, high
levels of AFP in the blood can be indicative of these cancers.
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA is another example of an oncofoetal
antigen. It is a glycoprotein that is present in the gastrointestinal tract,
pancreas, and sometimes in the respiratory and reproductive systems of a
developing fetus. In adults, CEA levels are typically very low. However, in
certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and some
forms of lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, the tumor cells may start
producing large amounts of CEA, which can be detected in the blood and used as a
tumor marker for these malignancies.
3. A and B: Both α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are examples of
oncofoetal antigens, so this option is correct.
92606
RadiologyTo determine the anterior-posterior extent of ameloblastoma in the mandibular molar area, the projection used is distal oblique.
17593
INI CET
Pulp necrosis is an almost universal consequence of intrusive luxation because the neurovascular bundle is severed. Immediate prophylactic endodontic treatment is indicated for intruded permanent teeth with closed apices to prevent inflammatory root resorption.
56904
Oral PathologyMean exposure at the skin from intraoral periapical radiographs is 0.03 mR.
79063
General Medicine
The cornerstone of treatment for acute alcoholic hepatitis is complete abstinence from alcohol. This allows the liver to recover and reduces the risk of progression to more severe forms of liver disease, such as cirrhosis. Corticosteroids may be used in severe cases, but their use is controversial and not universally recommended.
16955
INI CET
The "Halo sign" occurs when a drop of the fluid is placed on gauze; the blood stays in the center while the CSF migrates further out, creating a clear or straw-colored ring around the blood.
11501
Oral SurgeryUnder general anaesthesia, a patient needs a 4 * 4 gauge.
92432
General PathologyGlycophorin C is not associated with hereditary spherocytosis; it is a sialoglycoprotein found in the red blood cell membrane, while ankyrin, palladin, and anion transport protein are involved in the structural integrity of the membrane.
15716
ProsthodonticsThe anatomic landmarks used to establish the posterior extent of the upper complete denture are the pterygomaxillary notch and fovea palatine.
32224
Oral PathologyNormal serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels are seen in cherubism.