NEET MDS Shorts
99358
Physiology
The rubrospinal tract is a lateral pathway that originates in the red nucleus and is involved in the control of distal muscle movement, particularly in the control of fine motor movements of the limbs.
55614
Oral Medicine
Phenytoin, cyclosporine, and nifedipine are well-known medications that can
cause gingival enlargement (gingival hyperplasia or gingival changes) as a side
effect.
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy.
Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant used to prevent organ rejection in
transplant patients and to treat autoimmune diseases.
Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and
angina.
24994
Physiology
Answer: 4) It activates myosin kinase (MLCK) in the presence of calcium
Explanation: Calcium binds to calmodulin, forming a calcium-calmodulin complex. This complex then activates myosin kinase, which phosphorylates the myosin light chain, leading to the formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin and initiating muscle contraction in smooth muscles.
79426
Pharmacology
Long acting non-depolarizing (competitive) NM blocking agents require reversal with neostigmine.
Mivacurium is the shortest acting NDMR. It does not require reversal due to its short duration of action.
Mivacurium can be used in day care surgery.
19926
NEETMDS
Lymphoma, specifically non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is a common malignancy associated with HIV/AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma is also highly prevalent.
88747
Oral SurgeryThe direction of the bevel of the chisel during bone cutting is towards the bone to be sacrificed.
29410
General PathologyBarrett's esophagus is the primary lesion associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus.
31585
RadiologyThe gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis is Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
61964
INI CET
Gardner syndrome is a subtype of familial adenomatous polyposis and is not typically associated with cleft lip and palate. Van der Woude syndrome, Popliteal pterygium syndrome, and Pierre Robin Sequence all have associations with cleft lip and palate or related craniofacial anomalies.
47516
Anatomy
The largest resting membrane potential is observed in skeletal muscle.
Resting membrane potential (RMP) is the electrical potential difference across
the membrane of a cell when it is not undergoing an action potential or a
similar excitation. It is crucial for the functioning of excitable cells, such
as neurons and muscle cells, as it is the basis for the transmission of
electrical signals. The RMP is primarily determined by the concentration
gradients of ions across the cell membrane and the permeability of the membrane
to those ions.
In skeletal muscle cells, the resting membrane potential is typically around -90
millivolts (mV). This relatively high negative value is due to the higher
concentration of potassium ions (K+) inside the cell compared to the outside,
and the lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+) inside the cell compared to the
outside. The cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ at rest, which
allows K+ to leak out through potassium channels and sets up the resting
membrane potential.
Smooth muscle cells, on the other hand, have a resting membrane potential that
is generally less negative than that of skeletal muscle cells. The typical RMP
in smooth muscle cells ranges from -40 to -70 mV, which is closer to the
threshold for depolarization and makes these cells more responsive to stimuli
that could cause contraction. The difference in RMP between smooth and skeletal
muscle is due to variations in ion channel expression and the activity of ion
pumps, which control the ionic composition of the intracellular and
extracellular environments.
To summarize:
1. Skeletal muscle cells have a resting membrane potential of approximately -90
mV.
2. Smooth muscle cells have a resting membrane potential that is generally more
positive than skeletal muscle cells, typically ranging from -40 to -70 mV.