41025

The strength of irregularly shaped amalgam alloys increases with over-trituration.

56336

Hand sharpening of instruments with unmounted stones is preferable because unmounted stones wear away less of the instrument surface.

93349

58177

Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure at the cervical area (where the tooth meets the gum line) caused by biomechanical loading forces (flexure) on the tooth, resulting in characteristic V-shaped or wedge-shaped lesions with vertical fracture lines. 

90794

Periapical radiographs are essential tools in endodontic practice. They help in determining the length of the root canal during procedures like root canals. They can also reveal signs of infection or inflammation around the apex of the tooth (periapical pathosis), which indicates the presence of infection in the pulp.

94139

Diastema (spacing between teeth) is never directly associated with TMJ pathosis. TMJ disorders commonly cause open bite due to condylar resorption or growth disturbances, closed bite due to posterior teeth super-eruption, and traumatic occlusion due to altered mandibular positioning. Diastema is typically related to tooth size-arch length discrepancies, developmental factors, or periodontal disease, not TMJ dysfunction.

60040

Daily fluoride mouth rinse containing 0.05% sodium fluoride has a concentration of about 225 ppm fluoride ions

0.05% sodium fluoride solution = 225 ppm fluoride

0.2% sodium fluoride solution = 900 ppm fluoride

The daily rinse (0.05%) is recommended for children aged 6–12 years.

The weekly rinse (0.2%) is recommended for older children and adults at higher risk of caries.

40110

Dilantin therapy (Phenytoin) 

84495

Pulpotomy is an invasive dental procedure that involves the removal of the coronal portion of the vital pulp from a tooth, typically to treat deep decay or trauma.

The other options are considered minimally invasive or non-invasive techniques for managing dental caries:

ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) is a minimally invasive approach using hand instruments to remove decay and restore the tooth with glass ionomer cement.

Hall's technique is a non-invasive method for managing carious primary molars using preformed metal crowns without local anesthesia, tooth preparation, or caries removal.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application is a non-invasive treatment applied topically to arrest the progression of dental caries.

12016

All of the following form radiolucent stones except orotic acid.