NEET MDS Shorts
23274
Public Health Dentistry
The examination procedure described, where an examiner feels or presses parts
of the body with their fingers, is known as palpation. This technique is a key
part of a physical examination to assess the texture, size, consistency,
location, and tenderness of body organs or structures.
Palpitation refers to a person's subjective sensation of their own heart beat
being rapid, pounding, or skipped.
Inspection involves visually examining the body for signs of disease or injury.
Auscultation is the action of listening to sounds from organs (like the heart,
lungs, or intestines) with a stethoscope.
88280
OrthodonticsOne of the main disadvantages of using a loop lingual arch to upright the first molar is that it can lead to flaring of the mandibular incisors due to the forces applied.
52523
General MicrobiologyPrions are infectious proteins that are highly resistant to destruction by proteases and other methods that typically degrade proteins. This resistance is what allows them to persist in the host and cause disease. They do not contain nucleic acid, which is a hallmark of other types of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
33624
General Medicine
The precursor of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is present in the keratinocytes of the skin's stratum corneum. Upon exposure to UV light, it is converted into cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
11818
Dental MaterialsTypes of expansion that are possible in an investment are thermal expansion, hygroscopic expansion, and setting expansion
77511
Oral PathologyFluorosis does not cause osteoporosis.
10615
General MicrobiologyAdoptive immunization involves the transfer of readymade immune cells, such as antibodies, from a donor to a recipient. Tetanus immunization is typically achieved through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid, which induces the body to produce its own antibodies against the tetanus toxin. Passive immunization, on the other hand, is achieved by injecting tetanus antitoxin, which provides immediate but temporary protection by neutralizing the toxin in the recipients body. The statement is incorrect because tetanus toxoid is used for active immunization, not adoptive immunization.
78439
General MicrobiologyAluminum hydroxide is used as an adjuvant in the hepatitis B vaccine to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine, enhancing the body's immune response to the antigen.
38027
General Medicine
Turner syndrome, characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome, is associated with a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency. This leads to short stature and delayed puberty in affected females. While the other conditions listed can have various endocrine abnormalities, they are not primarily linked to growth hormone deficiency.
11713
Pathology
Oncofoetal antigens are substances that are normally present in the
developing fetus but are found in abnormally high quantities in the tissues of
certain cancer cells. These antigens are proteins that can be used as markers
for the detection of certain types of cancers. The presence of these antigens in
cancer cells suggests that the tumor cells have partially reverted to a more
primitive, embryonic stage of development.
Explanation for each option:
1. á-Fetoprotein (AFP): This is an oncofoetal antigen. It is a glycoprotein that
is produced by the liver cells of the developing fetus. In adults, the
production of AFP is usually very low. However, in cases of certain cancers such
as hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) and some types of testicular
cancer, the tumor cells start producing AFP in large amounts. Therefore, high
levels of AFP in the blood can be indicative of these cancers.
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA is another example of an oncofoetal
antigen. It is a glycoprotein that is present in the gastrointestinal tract,
pancreas, and sometimes in the respiratory and reproductive systems of a
developing fetus. In adults, CEA levels are typically very low. However, in
certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and some
forms of lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, the tumor cells may start
producing large amounts of CEA, which can be detected in the blood and used as a
tumor marker for these malignancies.
3. A and B: Both α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are examples of
oncofoetal antigens, so this option is correct.