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78994
Dental Materials

 

 

77400
Oral Medicine

PTHrP is a protein that is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) but is produced by some tumor cells. It acts on the PTH receptor, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood, similar to PTH. HHM is most often associated with overproduction of PTHrP by tumors, causing hypercalcemia without the typical elevation in PTH levels seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.

74773
Prosthodontics

In the design of cast circumferential clasps, the retentive terminal should ideally point away from the gingiva (toward the occlusal surface) to allow for proper engagement and retention without causing trauma to the gingival tissue.

96906
General Medicine

Hypertension is a common complication of the nephrotic syndrome due to the loss of protein in the urine, particularly albumin, which leads to decreased plasma oncotic pressure and subsequent fluid retention and increased blood volume.

42079
Oral Pathology

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas (a type of inflammation) in multiple organs, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes, but also the skin, eyes, liver, heart, and nervous system. Its multisystem nature and the hallmark presence of noncaseating granulomas are defining characteristics

Candidiasis: This is an opportunistic fungal infection, typically causing superficial mucocutaneous disease. While it can cause systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, it is an infection, and generally not classified as a primary multisystem granulomatous disease in the same sense as sarcoidosis. A rare, specific form called "Candida granuloma" is a type of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis but typically does not involve internal organs in a widespread multisystem manner as described for sarcoidosis.

Pyogenic granuloma: This is a common, benign vascular tumor (more accurately called a lobular capillary hemangioma) and is not a true granuloma, nor is it related to pus formation (despite the name "pyogenic"). It usually presents as a solitary lesion on the skin or mucous membranes and is a localized condition, not a multisystemic one. Congenital disseminated pyogenic granuloma is a rare, aggressive multisystemic disorder, but the term "pyogenic granuloma" in general medical use refers to the common, benign, localized lesion.

Mucormycosis: This is a severe, opportunistic fungal infection, often affecting immunocompromised individuals. It is an invasive infection that can spread rapidly to various tissues (e.g., sinuses, brain, lungs) and cause tissue necrosis, but it is fundamentally an infectious disease and not classified as a multisystem granulomatous disease in the context of chronic, idiopathic granuloma formation like sarcoidosis. 

74008
Oral Pathology

Brownish pigmentation with normal laboratory findings may indicate Addison's disease.

14332
Prosthodontics

When making peripheral seal for mandibular denture, if the impression is rising when the patient opens his mouth, it indicates overextension of the labial and buccal surfaces.

66412
Periodontics

There is no definite treatment for herpetic gingivostomatitis.

91701
Oral Medicine

Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, which can occur in patients with airflow obstruction conditions such as emphysema and asthma. These conditions can lead to increased intrathoracic pressure swings during respiration, which affects the cardiac output and arterial pulse amplitude.

65374
State PSC PYQ

Bone remodeling is a continuous, lifelong process that involves the removal (resorption) of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts and the formation (deposition) of new bone material by osteoblasts. This coupled activity is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the skeleton and adapting to mechanical stress (Wolff's Law). While intramembranous and endochondral ossification are the two main processes of initial bone formation during development, the ongoing changes and reshaping of the bone structure after its initial formation, including during craniofacial development, occur through this dynamic balance of resorption and deposition. 

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