32500

Answer: 4) Stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Explanation: Thyroid hormones, particularly T3, increase metabolic rate by enhancing the activity of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to increased ATP production and overall cellular energy metabolism.

82036

Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by specific craniofacial deformities. A key feature of this condition is the underdevelopment (hypoplasia) or absence of the zygomatic complex, which are the cheekbones. This lack of support from the underdeveloped zygoma also causes the palpebral fissures (the opening between the eyelids) to slant downward, not upward. Other features include micrognathia (small jaw) and retrognathia (receding chin). Microstomia can occur, but poorly developed malar bones are a more consistently defining characteristic.

86471

Vertical fractures of root seen with gutta-percha obturation are due to the vertical compression of warm gutta-percha points. This occurs because: 1) Excessive vertical pressure during warm gutta-percha condensation, 2) High temperatures make the material expand and contract, creating stress, 3) Continuous downward pressure can exceed the tensile strength of dentin, 4) Thin-walled roots are particularly susceptible, 5) Over-condensation attempts to achieve dense packing. Lateral condensation and spreader use typically cause horizontal stress, not vertical fractures. Proper technique with controlled pressure helps prevent this complication.

86234

When a palatal torus is located posteriorly, the anteroposterior palatal strap is ideal. It connects segments without impinging on the torus, providing stability while avoiding pressure on the bony growth.

64268

Postdam area serves mainly to prevent ingress of food and saliva beneath the denture base.

22984

33675

Explanation: In a Class V amalgam restoration, the occlusal wall (or the wall facing the occlusal surface) is typically wider than the gingival wall (the wall facing the gingiva). This design feature helps to provide adequate bulk for the restoration, ensuring strength and resistance to fracture. The other options, such as retention undercuts and wall convergence, are not characteristic features of Class V restorations, which are primarily concerned with the gingival and occlusal relationships.

37883

The Knoop hardness test uses a pyramidal diamond indenter with a rhombic (rhomboid) base shape to measure the microhardness of materials.

64237

The correct technique for applying extraction forceps involves placing the beaks as apically as possible onto the root surface, below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), to ensure a secure grip and to apply force to the root rather than the fragile crown. Placing the beaks on the crown above the CEJ is incorrect and can lead to crown fracture.

97052

 Oral PrEP with regimens containing Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) requires confirmation of adequate renal function, specifically a creatinine clearance of at least 60 mL/min, because TDF can affect kidney function in some individuals. While an HIV test is essential to confirm the person is negative for HIV before starting PrEP, the specific renal function check relates to the drug's safety profile.