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Retaining the primary second molar is often the most conservative approach when the permanent successor is congenitally missing, provided the primary molar has a good root structure and is functional. Minimal proximal stripping can help manage space and alignment

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TPI test: The Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test involves using live T. pallidum as an antigen to detect antibodies in the patient's blood serum.

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Secondary hypoadrenalism occurs due to decreased stimulation of the adrenal glands by the pituitary gland, most commonly as a result of a pituitary tumor, such as a prolactinoma or nonfunctioning adenoma, which compresses the pituitary gland and impairs its ability to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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The primary aim of the Frankel appliance is to influence the outer neuromuscular envelope, promoting proper muscle function and jaw positioning.

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Anthracoid bacilli ferment glucose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose, producing acid and gas.

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The function of a fixer solution in radiographic film processing is to dissolve and remove the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film emulsion. This process "fixes" the image, making it permanent and preventing the remaining silver from darkening when exposed to light.

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The sympathetic nervous system primarily uses norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) as its neurotransmitter. It is released from the synaptic terminals of postganglionic sympathetic fibers and acts on adrenergic receptors, which are found on various target cells throughout the body. This neurotransmitter is essential for the body's "fight or flight" response, contributing to increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and other physiological changes associated with stress or emergency situations.

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Lateral skull view does not clearly show the nasal septum due to superimposition of bilateral structures. While it shows medial wall and root of orbit, nasal bones, and calvarium with sinus roots, the nasal septum is better visualized in anteroposterior projections.

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The I-bar of the RPI system is an infrabulge clasp that provides push-type retention.

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