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Anterior to lateral pterygoid plate. In the extraoral maxillary nerve block, the needle is inserted at the posterior aspect of the condylar neck and directed anteriorly to target the pterygomandibular space, which contains the maxillary nerve and its branches. This technique is used to anesthetize the molars and premolars of the upper jaw and is also known as the Vazirani-Akinosi technique.

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In warmer climates, people tend to drink more water to stay hydrated. This increased water consumption can lead to higher exposure to fluoride ions in the community water supply, which is often fluoridated to prevent dental caries. However, the actual concentration of fluoride ions in the water is typically controlled and not directly affected by the climate.

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Zinc phosphate cement is an anhydrous powder and liquid system, and its liquid (phosphoric acid) is very stable. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) liquid is polyacrylic acid, which is more prone to water loss or gain than zinc phosphate liquid. Polycarboxylate cement liquid is also polyacrylic acid, but it is typically supplied in a solution form that is highly susceptible to water evaporation when exposed to air, leading to changes in viscosity and handling properties. Therefore, polycarboxylate liquid has the highest rate of water loss, followed by GIC liquid, and then zinc phosphate liquid.

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The placenta is formed by fetal chorion frondosum and maternal decidua basalis. [Image of the placenta structure]

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All of the following are radiolucent except osteopetrosis.

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In adults, the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a solitary parathyroid adenoma. This benign tumor of the parathyroid gland leads to excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), resulting in hypercalcemia and other associated symptoms. Parathyroid carcinoma is rare, and while MEN 1 and parathyroid hyperplasia can also cause primary hyperparathyroidism, they are less common than solitary adenomas.

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In radionuclide imaging, the most useful radiopharmaceutical for skeletal imaging is Technetium-99m linked to Methylene diphosphonate.

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Per protocol analysis refers to evaluating the outcomes of participants who adhered strictly to the study protocol, focusing on compliance with treatment rather than random assignment.