NEET MDS Shorts
44232
PhysiologyBicarbonate is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, where it plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
45038
PhysiologyThe main stimulation for production of A.D.H. is Decrease in blood volume - A.D.H. secretion increases during osmotic diuresis
83991
Endodontics10-15% carbamide peroxide is the most frequently used agent in home-applied vital bleaching techniques. This concentration is preferred because: 1) It provides effective bleaching with minimal sensitivity, 2) Safe for unsupervised home use, 3) Releases approximately 3-4% hydrogen peroxide slowly over several hours, 4) Good balance between efficacy and safety, 5) Allows for overnight application. Higher concentrations like 35% hydrogen peroxide are used only in-office under professional supervision due to potential tissue damage.
96708
Biochemistry
Vitamin B12 participates in two reactions in the body-conversion of homocysteine to methionine and conversion ofmethylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Methylmalonyl-CoA is produced via various amino acid degradation pathways, and from oddcarbon chain fatty acid oxidation. In the absence of B12, succinyl-CoA would only be produced as an intermediate of the TCA cycle, and if it were removed from the cycle for heme synthesis, energy production may suffer. Glycine is usually obtained from the diet, although in a B12 deficiency a functional folate deficiency may also develop, leading to an inhibition of serine hydroxymethyltransferase, the enzyme that converts serine to glycine, and requires free tetrahydrofolate. Succinyl-CoA and glycine are the precursors for heme synthesis. A B12 deficiency would not inhibit the production of acetyl-CoA, succinate, or alanine.
58279
Dental Materials
Giomers are a combination of fluoraluminosilicate glass and silica-filled urethane resin. This unique composition allows for the release of fluoride and improved physical properties compared to traditional composites.
18680
Oral SurgeryStreptomycin is considered a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, primarily effective against Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline are all classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics because they are effective against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
69797
NEETMDS
Alginate setting is an ion-exchange reaction where sodium alginate reacts with calcium sulfate (calcium ions). Tap water with high concentrations of calcium sulfate and magnesium (hard water) provides additional calcium ions, which accelerates the setting time of the alginate material.
81325
PhysiologyThe glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is determined by net filtration pressure and the glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (Kf), which are critical for kidney function.
14754
INI CET
While Coarctation is a major congenital cause, Acute Glomerulonephritis is a very common acquired cause of pediatric hypertension in the Indian clinical setting. However, the provided key emphasizes Coarctation.
78439
General MicrobiologyAluminum hydroxide is used as an adjuvant in the hepatitis B vaccine to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine, enhancing the body's immune response to the antigen.