NEET MDS Shorts
68066
Oral Medicine
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. These antibodies can bind to phospholipids in cell membranes, leading to a prothrombotic state and an increased risk of thrombosis. The exact mechanism by which these antibodies induce thrombosis is complex and may involve interference with anticoagulant proteins like protein C and protein S, as well as platelet activation and endothelial damage. However, the primary mechanism is the presence of these autoantibodies.
25889
Oral Medicine
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
32984
Oral Medicine
Chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a condition known as Cushing's syndrome, which includes various endocrine and metabolic disturbances. One of the common complications is hypercalcemia due to increased bone resorption and impaired calcium excretion in the kidneys. Additionally, glucocorticoids can cause a mild increase in serum phosphorus levels, leading to hyperphosphatemia in some cases.
57123
Oral Medicine
Bell's palsy typically involves the entire side of the face, not just the lower part. The affected side may become asymmetric and motionless, with wrinkles disappearing from the forehead and an inability to close the eye completely. Impaired articulation of labial sounds is a common symptom due to the involvement of the facial muscles used for speech.
81632
Oral Medicine
Prolonged immobilization, such as during hospitalization or after surgery, is a significant risk factor for the development of DVT. Other risk factors include age over 65, obesity, and cancer, but among hospitalized patients, immobilization is the most common precipitating factor for venous thrombosis.
41451
Oral Medicine
tPA is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots. In the treatment of pulmonary embolism, it is administered to break down the clot in the pulmonary artery, thereby improving blood flow and reducing the risk of complications.
80113
Oral Medicine
The primary cellular defect caused by HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, which are essential for a properly functioning immune system. This leads to a compromised immune system that is susceptible to opportunistic infections.
78921
Oral Medicine
Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by smoking. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to excess mucus production and coughing. Other causes include long-term exposure to irritants like air pollution and repeated respiratory infections.
94938
Oral medicineTrismus in parapharyngeal abscess is due to spasm of the medial pterygoid muscle. The infection in the parapharyngeal space causes irritation and reflex spasm of this muscle, which is closely related anatomically to this space, resulting in restricted mouth opening.
67144
Oral Medicine
Patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation are at high risk for pulmonary embolism due to venous thrombosis and intra-cardiac thrombus formation. The primary prevention strategy for these patients is anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, as it reduces the risk of thrombus formation and embolization. Warfarin is effective in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and is also beneficial in the context of heart failure.