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NEET MDS Synopsis - Lecture Notes
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📚 NEET MDS Lecture Notes

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Drugs used to induce vomiting

Pharmacology

Drugs used to induce vomiting

In case of poisoning with noncorrosive agents, and assuming incomplete absorption of the poison has taken place, induction of vomiting can be carried out. One of the drugs used for this purpose is emetine which causes irritation of the upper gut and, on absorption, it also acts on  CTZ.  

Chemotherapeutic agents (or their metabolites) can directly activate the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone or vomiting center; several neuroreceptors, including dopamine receptor Type 2 and serotonin Type 3 (5-HT3) from cell damage(GIT and pharynx) play roles in vomiting.

Neurons
Physiology

Neurons :

Types of neurons based on structure:

a multipolar neuron because it has many poles or processes, the dendrites and the axon. Multipolar neurons are found as motor neurons and interneurons. There are also bipolar neurons with two processes, a dendrite and an axon, and unipolar neurons, which have only one process, classified as an axon.. Unipolar neurons are found as most of the body's sensory neurons. Their dendrites are the exposed branches connected to receptors, the axon carries the action potential in to the central nervous system.

 

Types of neurons based on function:

  • motor neurons - these carry a message to a muscle, gland, or other effector. They are said to be efferent, i.e. they carry the message away from the central nervous system.
  • sensory neurons - these carry a message in to the CNS. They are afferent, i.e. going toward the brain or spinal cord.
  • interneuron (ie. association neuron, connecting neuron) - these neurons connect one neuron with another. For example in many reflexes interneurons connect the sensory neurons with the motor neurons.

Ciclopirox

Pharmacology

Ciclopirox:Ciclopirox is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic use.

Camouflage in orthodontics
Orthodontics

Camouflage in orthodontics refers to the strategic use of orthodontic treatment to mask or disguise underlying skeletal discrepancies, particularly in cases where surgical intervention may not be feasible or desired by the patient. This approach aims to improve dental alignment and occlusion while minimizing the appearance of skeletal issues, such as Class II or Class III malocclusions.

Key Concepts of Camouflage in Orthodontics

  1. Objective:

    • The primary goal of camouflage is to create a more aesthetically pleasing smile and functional occlusion without addressing the underlying skeletal relationship directly. This is particularly useful for patients who may not want to undergo orthognathic surgery.

  2. Indications:

    • Camouflage is often indicated for:
      • Class II Malocclusion: Where the lower jaw is positioned further back than the upper jaw.
      • Class III Malocclusion: Where the lower jaw is positioned further forward than the upper jaw.
      • Mild to Moderate Skeletal Discrepancies: Cases where the skeletal relationship is not severe enough to warrant surgical correction.

  3. Mechanisms:

    • Tooth Movement: Camouflage typically involves moving the teeth into positions that improve the occlusion and facial aesthetics. This may include:
      • Proclination of Upper Incisors: In Class II cases, the upper incisors may be tilted forward to improve the appearance of the bite.
      • Retroclination of Lower Incisors: In Class III cases, the lower incisors may be tilted backward to help achieve a better occlusal relationship.
    • Use of Elastics: Orthodontic elastics can be employed to help correct the bite and improve the overall alignment of the teeth.

  4. Treatment Planning:

    • A thorough assessment of the patient's dental and skeletal relationships is essential. This includes:
      • Cephalometric Analysis: To evaluate the skeletal relationships and determine the extent of camouflage needed.
      • Clinical Examination: To assess the dental alignment, occlusion, and any functional issues.
      • Patient Preferences: Understanding the patient's goals and preferences regarding treatment options.

Advantages of Camouflage

  1. Non-Surgical Option: Camouflage provides a way to improve dental alignment and aesthetics without the need for surgical intervention, making it appealing to many patients.
  2. Shorter Treatment Time: In some cases, camouflage can lead to shorter treatment times compared to surgical options.
  3. Improved Aesthetics: By enhancing the appearance of the smile and occlusion, camouflage can significantly boost a patient's confidence and satisfaction.

Limitations of Camouflage

  1. Not a Permanent Solution: While camouflage can improve aesthetics and function, it does not address the underlying skeletal discrepancies, which may lead to long-term issues.
  2. Potential for Relapse: Without proper retention, there is a risk that the teeth may shift back to their original positions after treatment.
  3. Functional Complications: In some cases, camouflage may not fully resolve functional issues related to the bite, leading to potential discomfort or wear on the teeth.