📖 General Medicine
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(52 total records)
Nephrology
General Medicine
🧪 Glomerular Hematuria
| Urine Finding |
Interpretation |
| >20% Dysmorphic RBCs |
Suggests glomerular origin |
| RBC casts |
Glomerular pathology |
| Creatinine clearance |
Measures GFR |
💧 Nephrotic Syndrome
- Edema cause: Hypoalbuminemia
- Commonest cause (adults): Diabetes mellitus
- Lipid profile: ↓ HDL cholesterol
- Minimal change disease: No change on light microscopy
- Membranoproliferative GN: Tram-track appearance
- Membranous GN: Common in renal vein thrombosis
- Best test for renal vein thrombosis: CT angiography
Tuberculosis
General Medicine
🔬 Key Features & Forms
- Most infective form: Cavitary lesion
- Primary TB Presentation: Unilateral hilar
lymphadenopathy
- Rich focus: Meninges (associated with TB meningitis)
- Cavitation: Absent in HIV-associated or primary TB
💡 Special Manifestations
- Hypersensitivity to Mycobacteria: Phlyctenular
conjunctivitis
- Poncet’s disease: Joint pains without active arthritis
- Miliary TB: Mantoux test negative
- Recurrent hemoptysis source: Bronchial artery
💊 Drug Details
- Streptomycin: Not used in TB meningitis
- Bedaquiline: New drug for MDR-TB
Heart Failure & Pulmonary Edema
General Medicine
⚡️ Acute & Chronic Features
- Acute RHF: Pulmonary embolism
- High-output failure causes: Anaemia
- EF Normal range: 60 – 75%
- Pulmonary edema Rx: Sublingual nitroglycerin
💊 Drugs & Interventions
- Nesiritide: BNP analogue
- Levosimendan: Inotropic for CHF
- Coenzyme Q: Used in CHF treatment
Lymphoma
General Medicine
⚛️ Hodgkin’s Disease
| Feature |
Insight |
| Distinct subtype |
Lymphocyte predominant |
| Hallmark cells |
Reed-Sternberg & Lacunar cells |
| Markers |
CD15 & CD30 |
| Best prognosis |
Lymphocyte predominant |
| Treatment |
Stage IA → Radiotherapy; Advanced → ABVD regimen |
- Most common subtype: Nodular sclerosis
- Common in India: Mixed cellularity
🧬 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Classification: REAL
- Burkitt lymphoma: Most malignant; t(8;14) & t(2;8) translocations
- EBV association noted
- Angiocentric lymphoma: Non – B-cell
