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NEET MDS Synopsis - Lecture Notes
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📖 Anatomy

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The Salivary Glands
Anatomy

The Salivary Glands

  • There are three large, paired salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
  • In addition to the main salivary glands, there are numerous small accessory salivary glands scattered over the palate, lips, cheeks, tonsils, and tongue.
The Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall
Anatomy

The Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall

  • The pharyngeal wall is composed of 5 layers. From internal to external, they are as follows.
  • Mucous membrane: this lines the pharynx and is continuous with all chambers with which it communicates.
  • Submucosa
  • Pharyngobasilar fascia: this is a fibrous layer that is attached to the skull.
  • Muscular layer: this is composed of inner longitudinal and outer circular parts.
  • Buccopharyngeal fascia: this is a loose connective tissue layer.
  • This fascia is continuous with the fascia covering the buccinator and pharyngeal muscle.
  • It contains the pharyngeal plexus of nerves and veins.
Muscles of the larynx -Intrinsic muscles
Anatomy

Intrinsic muscles

    all innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid: external laryngeal nerve
    adductors of vocal folds: bring folds together at midline

    Transverse and oblique arytenoids: pull arytenoids together
    Lateral cricoartenoids: spin and slide arytenoids up
    only one abductor of vocal folds
    
    Posterior cricoarytenoids—down and up
    adjustors of shape and tension of vocal folds

    Cricothyroid muscle
    
o    superficial to lateral cricoarytenoid
o    tenses vocal folds by tilting thyroid cartilage forward and sliding forward

    Thyroartenoid and vocalis muscles
    
o    vocalis: sometimes treated as medial most fibers of thyroartenoid muscle
o    different fiber directions
    
    lateral: adduct
    medial: change shape of folds
    control voice by bring bringing together different parts of folds


o    as move from epithelium to vocalis muscle, fold becomes stiffer
o    near connections, vocal folds are stiffer
o    vocal fold: complex, multilayered vibrator

Terminology related to Anatomy
Anatomy

A. Anatomic position-erect body position with the arms at the sides and the palms  upward

B. Plane or section

1. Definition-imaginary flat surface formed by an extension through an axis

2. Median plane-a vertical plane. that divides a body into right and left halves

3. Sagittal plane

  • Any plane parallel to the median plane
  • Divides the body into right and left portions

 

4. Frontal plane

  • Vertical plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal plane
  • Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
  • Synonymous with the term coronal plane

 

5. Transverse plane

  • Horizontal plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes
  • Divides the body into upper and lower portions
  • Synonymous with the term horizontal plane

 

 

C. Relative positions

1. Anterior

  • Nearest the abdominal surface and the front of the body
  • Synonymous with the term ventral
  • In referring to hands and forearms, the terms palmar and Volar are used

2. Posterior

  • Back of the body
  • Synonymous with the term dorsal

3. Superior

  • Upper or higher
  • Synonymous with the term cranial (head)

4. Inferior

  • Below or lower
  • Synonymous with the term caudal (tail)
  • In referring to the top of the foot and the sole of the foot. the terms dorsal and plantar are used respectively

 

5. Medial-near to the median plane

6. Lateral-farther away from the median plane

7. Proximal-near the source or attachment

8. Distal-away from the source or. attachment

9. Superficial-near the surface

10. Deep-away from the surface

11. Afferent-conducting toward a structure

12. Efferent-conducting away from a structure