28437

A gingival index score of 2 means probing elicits bleeding.

62009

Heberdens nodes are bony enlargements of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the fingers and are pathognomonic of osteoarthritis. These nodes result from osteophyte formation and joint space narrowing due to cartilage degeneration. They are typically seen in primary osteoarthritis, especially in postmenopausal women. Bouchard nodes affect proximal interphalangeal joints. These nodes are not associated with coronary disease, osteoporosis, or Raynauds disease.

29665

Answer: 2) Vasoconstriction in most vessels
Explanation: Norepinephrine acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors in the vascular smooth muscles, causing vasoconstriction in most blood vessels. This diverts blood flow to critical organs like the brain and muscles, preparing the body for physical exertion.

35934

Blood clot protection is not a primary indication for suturing following extraction. The blood clot forms naturally and is protected by proper post-extraction care. Suturing is mainly indicated for flap reapproximation, tissue immobilization, and hemostasis.

70083

Gingival retraction is a technique used in dentistry to temporarily move the gum tissue away from the tooth to create a clear impression of the tooth and the surrounding area.

Retraction cord, also known as gingival retraction cord, is a common and widely used mechanical method for gingival retraction during final impression procedures.

The cord is typically soaked in a chemical agent to control bleeding and tissue fluid, then gently placed into the sulcus (the space between the tooth and the gum).

57943

Probing depth + gingival recession together indicate clinical attachment loss, which is the key measurement in periodontal diagnosis.

19255

The "ugly duckling stage" is a normal, temporary phase in dental development, typically occurring around ages 8-12, where a midline gap (diastema) and splaying of the upper front teeth are common due to the eruption of the canine teeth.

54185

1. The use of adhesive sealants: Adhesive sealants are thin, plastic coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth. They fill in the grooves and depressions, creating a smooth surface that is easier to clean. Sealants act as a barrier, preventing food and bacteria from lodging in these areas and thus reducing the risk of tooth decay. This is considered the best preventive measure because it directly addresses the anatomical vulnerability of the teeth and can be applied quickly and painlessly.

2. Topical fluoride application: While topical fluoride is beneficial in preventing dental cavities, it is not as effective as sealants in preventing pit and fissure caries. Fluoride helps to strengthen the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria. However, because the pits and fissures are already deep and narrow, fluoride may not always reach these areas effectively. Sealants, on the other hand, provide a physical barrier that fluoride cannot always penetrate.

74273

The treatment of choice for a lower first molar with furcation involvement and bifurcation caries is endodontic treatment followed by hemisection.

19997

Osteoclasts show abnormal function in conditions leading to multiple fractures, as they are responsible for bone resorption.