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NEETMDS- physiology mcq
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What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?
1) Blood clotting
2) Bone formation and maintenance
3) Vision
4) Immune system function

Physiology Answer: 2

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is bone formation and maintenance, as it helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels.

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the force and frequency of uterine contractions during parturition?
1) Oxytocin
2) Estrogen
3) Progesterone
4) Prolactin
E. Cortisol

Physiology Answer: 1

Oxytocin is synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and acts on the uterus to increase the force and frequency of contractions during childbirth. It is released during labor and stimulated by the stretching of the cervix and vagina as the baby descends. Estrogens increase the sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin, while progesterone decreases it. Prolactin is involved in milk production and let-down reflex. Cortisol is a stress hormone that prepares the body for parturition but does not directly increase uterine contractions.

How does the cerebellum contribute to motor coordination?
1) By timing and comparing the duration of agonist muscle activity and latency of antagonist activity
2) By directly controlling the force of muscle contraction
3 ) By regulating the rate of nerve impulse conduction in motor neurons
4) By initiating voluntary movement

Physiology Answer: 1

The cerebellum is crucial for the coordination of movement. It receives signals from the motor cortex about the intended movement and the actual position of the limb through climbing fibers. By timing these signals, it helps to stop the movement at the correct point by inhibiting the agonist muscles and stimulating the antagonist muscles.

What is the transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?
1) 0.10 mM/min
2) 0.50 mM/min
3) 1.00 mM/min
4) 2.00 mM/min

Physiology Answer: 1

The transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys is approximately 0.50 mM/min, indicating the maximum amount that can be reabsorbed before excretion occurs.

What happens when the transport maximum for glucose is exceeded?
1) All excess glucose is reabsorbed
2) Some glucose is reabsorbed and some is excreted
3) All excess glucose is excreted in the urine
4) No glucose is excreted regardless of the amount

Physiology Answer: 2

When the transport maximum for glucose is exceeded, some glucose is reabsorbed and some is excreted in the urine, leading to glucosuria.

What is the main difference between endopeptidases and exopeptidases?
1) Endopeptidases cleave internal peptide bonds, while exopeptidases act on the terminal peptide bonds.
2) Endopeptidases are inactive in the stomach, whereas exopeptidases are active in the stomach.
3) Endopeptidases are exclusively found in the pancreas, whereas exopeptidases are exclusively found in the intestinal mucosa.
4) Endopeptidases are exclusively activated by enterokinase, whereas exopeptidases are activated by other enzymes.
E) Endopeptidases are inhibited by acidic pH, while exopeptidases function best at acidic pH.

Physiology Answer: 1

Endopeptidases, also known as endoproteinases, are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within the polypeptide chain, breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. Examples include pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. In contrast, exopeptidases, or exoproteinases, cleave peptide bonds at the ends of the polypeptide chain, either at the N-terminal (aminopeptidases) or C-terminal (carboxypeptidases). These enzymes are involved in the final steps of protein digestion and the degradation of small peptides into individual amino acids.

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
1) Controls the heart rate and rhythm
2) Regulates the contraction of skeletal muscles
3) Regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract
4) Controls the pupillary response to light

Physiology Answer: 3

The enteric nervous system is the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract and is responsible for the regulation of digestion and other gastrointestinal functions. It can operate independently of the central nervous system and consists of a network of neurons and glial cells that are embedded within the wall of the gut, coordinating local reflexes and influencing the muscle and secretory activities of the digestive system.

What is the primary function of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition?
1) Voluntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles to move food into the esophagus
2) Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter
3) Closure of the epiglottis to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea
4) Involuntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles to propel the food bolus into the esophagus
E) Stimulation of salivary glands to secrete saliva

Physiology Answer: 4

The pharyngeal stage of deglutition involves involuntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles and is responsible for the rapid passage of the food bolus from the oral cavity to the upper esophagus. It is primarily a reflex act triggered by the voluntary movement of food into the back of the mouth.

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