MDS PREP
Glomerular filtration ceases when systolic blood pressure falls below
1) 80 mm Hg
2) 70 mm Hg
3) 60 mm Hg
4) 50 mm Hg
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Glomerular filtration typically ceases when systolic blood pressure falls below 70 mmHg as renal perfusion becomes inadequate for filtration.
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
What is the most common complication of the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Hyperkalemia
2) Hypocalcemia
3) Thrombocytopenia
4) Hypertension
Hypertension is a common complication of the nephrotic syndrome due to the loss of protein in the urine, particularly albumin, which leads to decreased plasma oncotic pressure and subsequent fluid retention and increased blood volume.
In restrictive lung disease
1) Increasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung decreasing
2) Decreasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung decreasing
3) Increasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung increasing
4) Decreasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung increasing
General Medicine
Answer: 1
In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1/FVC ratio and compliance of the lung are
decreasing.
Restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or severe asthma, are
characterized by a decrease in the lung's ability to expand due to factors like
stiffening of the lung tissue or a reduction in the volume of the thoracic
cavity. As a result, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is
reduced in relation to the forced vital capacity (FVC), leading to a decreased
FEV1/FVC ratio. Additionally, the compliance of the lung, which is a measure of
the lung's ability to expand and contract, is also decreased in these conditions
because the lung tissue becomes less elastic.
What is the typical endoscopic appearance of the small intestine in patients with untreated celiac disease?
1) Normal
2) Atrophic villi
3) Ulcers
4) Inflamed mucosa
Untreated celiac disease leads to villous atrophy, where the finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa become flattened, reducing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
What is the primary mechanism of action of the heat-labile toxin produced by ETEC?
1) Increases intracellular cAMP
2) Increases intracellular cGMP
3) Inhibits DNA synthesis
4) Induces lipid peroxidation
The heat-labile toxin (LT) of ETEC is similar to cholera toxin and acts by increasing intracellular cAMP levels in enterocytes, leading to excessive chloride and fluid secretion into the lumen of the gut, resulting in diarrhea.
What is the primary source of vitamin D3 in humans?
1) Diet
2) Skin synthesis from sunlight
3) Intestinal bacteria
4) Supplementation
The precursor of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is present in the keratinocytes of the skin's stratum corneum. Upon exposure to UV light, it is converted into cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Which of the following is true regarding the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
1) It is used primarily to assess the severity of spinal injuries.
2) It assesses only motor function.
3) It is not applicable in patients with head injuries.
4) It evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor activity.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used to assess the severity of coma or impaired consciousness, particularly in patients with head injuries.