MDS PREP
A 23-year-old female presented with jaundice and pallor for 2 months. Her peripheral blood smear shows the presence of spherocytes. The most relevant investigation to arrive at a diagnosis is -
1) Reticulocyte count
2) Osmotic fragility test
3) Coombs test
4) Tests for PNH
General Pathology
Answer: 3
The osmotic fragility test is the most relevant investigation for diagnosing hereditary spherocytosis, as it assesses the red blood cells' ability to withstand osmotic stress.
A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increasing shortness of breath, productive cough, and fatigue. His chest X-ray shows hyperinflation of the lungs with flattened diaphragms. Which of the following medications is most likely contributing to his symptoms?
1) Inhaled corticosteroids
2) Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs)
3) Anticholinergics
4) Oxygen therapy
Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) can contribute to symptoms of increasing shortness of breath in patients with COPD.
What is the most likely diagnosis in an 8-month-old child with mental retardation, blindness, and muscle weakness, with a deficiency of hexosaminidase ?-subunit?
1) Tay-Sachs disease
2) Krabbe disease
3) Sandhoff disease
4) Gaucher disease
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by a deficiency of hexosaminidase A, leading to neurodegeneration, mental retardation, and blindness in affected infants.
Which of the following genetic conditions is MOST likely to be the cause of a child born with a small head, small eyes, six fingers on each hand, and congenital heart defects?
1) Trisomy 13
2) Trisomy 18
3) Trisomy 21
4) XXY
Trisomy 13 is associated with congenital anomalies such as a small head, small eyes, and congenital heart defects.
All of the following are true about trigeminal neuralgia EXCEPT
1. It is unilateral
2. It is of throbbing nature
3. It is triggered by touching cheeks, mucosa etc
4. Occurs in bouts
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Trigeminal neuralgia is not characterized by throbbing pain; it is typically sharp and stabbing.
What is the primary mechanism of tissue damage in a tuberculin reaction?
1) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
2) Local anaphylaxis
3) Direct cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells
4) Activation of macrophages by CD4+ memory T cells
The primary mechanism of tissue damage in a tuberculin reaction is the activation of macrophages by CD4+ memory T cells.
Chronic granulocytic leukaemia is due to
1. Chromosomal deletion
2. Chromosomal mutation
3. Chromosomal translocation
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Chronic granulocytic leukemia is due to chromosomal translocation.
Sickle cell anemia is precipitated when:
1) Oxygen tension goes down
2) Increased viscosity of blood is there
3) There is dehydration
4) All of the above
Pathology Answer: 4
Sickle cell disease results from mutation, or change, of certain types of hemoglobin chains in red blood cells (the beta hemoglobin chains).
When the oxygen concentration in the blood is reduced, the red blood cell assumes the characteristic sickle shape. This causes the red blood cell to be stiff and rigid, and stops the smooth passage of the red blood cells through the narrow blood vessels.