MDS PREP
Dinesh, a 24-year-old male, complains of loose teeth in a single quadrant. His radiograph shows irregular bone loss and histopathology reveals eosinophils and histiocytes. The most probable diagnosis is
1. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
2. Paget"s disease
3. Osteoclastoma
4. Albright"s syndrome
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The most probable diagnosis for irregular bone loss and eosinophils is Hand-Schuller-Christian disease.
Attrition is
1. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from tooth brushing
2. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism
3. Both of the above
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Attrition is the loss of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism.
Unit of measurements to compare radiation damage
1. Exposure
2. Dose
3. Effective dose
4. Dose equivalent
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
The unit of measurement to compare radiation damage is dose equivalent.
Pernicious anemia results due to :
1.vit B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate intrinsic factor
2.Folic acid deficiency resulting from inadequate intrinsic factor
3.Vit B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate extrinsic factor
4.Al of the above
Pathology Answer: 1
The correct answer for the MCQ is option 1: Pernicious anemia results from
vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate intrinsic factor. This is
because pernicious anemia is specifically caused by the body's inability to
absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, which is required for the
absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Folic acid deficiency, while
it can also cause megaloblastic anemia, is not directly associated with
intrinsic factor and is a separate entity from pernicious anemia.
1. Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate intrinsic factor:
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in the
production of healthy red blood cells. It is involved in the synthesis of DNA
and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Intrinsic factor is a protein
produced by the parietal cells of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12,
allowing it to be absorbed in the small intestine. When there is a deficiency of
intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be effectively absorbed from food, leading
to vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. This is the most common cause of pernicious
anemia.
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system
mistakenly attacks the stomach cells that produce intrinsic factor. Without
sufficient intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed, resulting in a
decrease in the number of red blood cells produced. The red blood cells that are
formed are abnormally large and immature, known as megaloblasts. These cells are
not efficient at carrying oxygen and are destroyed more quickly than normal
cells, leading to the symptoms of anemia such as fatigue, weakness, and pallor.
The deficiency in vitamin B12 can also affect the nervous system, causing
neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and other neurological symptoms.
2. Folic acid deficiency resulting from inadequate intrinsic factor:
Folic acid is another B-vitamin essential for the production of red blood cells
and is involved in DNA synthesis. However, folic acid deficiency is not directly
caused by a lack of intrinsic factor. Folic acid is absorbed in the small
intestine through a different mechanism than vitamin B12. While folic acid
deficiency can also lead to megaloblastic anemia, it is not typically referred
to as pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is specifically associated with
vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor deficiency or malabsorption.
3. Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate extrinsic factor:
The term "extrinsic factor" is not commonly used in the context of vitamin B12
deficiency. Vitamin B12 is derived from dietary sources such as meat, fish, and
dairy products. In the context of pernicious anemia, the issue is with the
intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.
Therefore, this option is not accurate for explaining the cause of pernicious
anemia.
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons travelling from tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the
1. Gruntled filament
2. Anodic tungsten target
3. Cathodic tungsten target
4. Molybdenum lining of anode
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons traveling from the tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the anodic tungsten target.
Which of the following genetic conditions is MOST likely to be the cause of a child born with a small head, small eyes, six fingers on each hand, and congenital heart defects?
1) Trisomy 13
2) Trisomy 18
3) Trisomy 21
4) XXY
General Pathology Answer: 1
Trisomy 13 is associated with congenital anomalies such as a small head, small eyes, and congenital heart defects.
Patient reports with discoloured teeth bearing brown stains. The teeth glow fluorescent in UV light. The most likely diagnosis is
1. Porphyria
2. Amelogenesis imperfecta
3. Hutchinson"s teeth
4. Tetracycline staining of teeth
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
The most likely diagnosis for discolored teeth that glow fluorescent in UV light is tetracycline staining of teeth.
enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in
1. leukopenia
2. Leukocytosis
3. Megaloblastic anemia
4.Acute myeloid leukemia
Pathology Answer: 3
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in Megaloblastic
anemia (option 3). Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition where there is a decrease in the total
number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. It does not directly
refer to the morphological changes in the neutrophils. The presence of enlarged
or hypersegmented neutrophils is not a hallmark feature of leukopenia; rather,
the condition is characterized by a low WBC count.
2. Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is the medical term for an increase in the number
of white blood cells in the bloodstream. It can occur due to various conditions
like infections, inflammation, or leukemia. However, hypersegmentation of
neutrophils is not a typical finding in leukocytosis. The presence of enlarged
neutrophils is also not characteristic of this condition.
3. Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs
due to the lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid. These vitamins are essential for
the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In the case of vitamin B12
or folic acid deficiency, the red blood cells become large and immature, leading
to their inability to function properly. Additionally, neutrophils, which are a
type of white blood cell, can also become enlarged and hypersegmented in
megaloblastic anemia. The enlarged neutrophils are called "megaloblastic
neutrophils" or "hypersegmented neutrophils." The hypersegmentation occurs due
to the defect in DNA synthesis that results from the vitamin deficiency, causing
the nucleus of the neutrophil to segment more than the normal 2-5 lobes.
4. Acute myeloid leukemia: While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized
by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, enlarged
hypersegmented neutrophils are not a typical feature of this condition. In AML,
the bone marrow is filled with abnormal, immature cells called blasts, which do
not mature properly and function as normal blood cells. However, AML can present
with a variety of morphological changes in neutrophils, such as Auer rods, but
hypersegmentation is not specific to AML.
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly associated with
Megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
and leads to abnormal cell maturation in the bone marrow, affecting both red and
white blood cells.