MDS PREP
Thistle-tube appearance of pulp chamber is a feature of
1) Coronal dentin dysplasia
2) Regional odontodysplasia
3) Dentinogenesis imperfecta
4) Amelogenesis imperfecta
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Coronal dentin dysplasia is a genetic condition that affects the development of dentin, leading to abnormal pulp chamber morphology. The "thistle-tube" appearance refers to the shape of the pulp chamber, which resembles a thistle tube due to the constricted and elongated form of the pulp space. This condition is characterized by a normal crown appearance but with significant alterations in the pulp chamber and root canal system, making it distinct from other dental dysplasias.
Size of the bite wing film is
1. 32 * 41 mm
2. 22 * 35 mm
3. 57 * 76 mm
4. 75 * 90 mm
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The size of the bite wing film is 32 * 41 mm.
In sickle cell trait, number of bands found in Hb-
1) 2
2) 1
3) 4
4) 5
General Pathology
Answer: 1
In sickle cell trait, the number of bands found in hemoglobin is typically 2, representing both HbA and HbS.
Blue sclera are present in
1. Marfan"s syndrome
2. Cherubism
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta
4. All of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Blue sclera are present in osteogenesis imperfecta.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of MEN IIA?
1) Medullary thyroid carcinoma
2) Pheochromocytoma
3) Parathyroid adenomas
4) Mucosal neuromas
Mucosal neuromas are not a characteristic of MEN IIA; they are associated with MEN IIB.
Yellowith discolouration of teeth is seen in children fed on
1. High-protein diet
2. Tetracylines
3. Penicillins
4. Erythromycin
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Yellowish discoloration of teeth in children fed on tetracyclines is common.
enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in
1. leukopenia
2. Leukocytosis
3. Megaloblastic anemia
4.Acute myeloid leukemia
Pathology Answer: 3
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in Megaloblastic
anemia (option 3). Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition where there is a decrease in the total
number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. It does not directly
refer to the morphological changes in the neutrophils. The presence of enlarged
or hypersegmented neutrophils is not a hallmark feature of leukopenia; rather,
the condition is characterized by a low WBC count.
2. Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is the medical term for an increase in the number
of white blood cells in the bloodstream. It can occur due to various conditions
like infections, inflammation, or leukemia. However, hypersegmentation of
neutrophils is not a typical finding in leukocytosis. The presence of enlarged
neutrophils is also not characteristic of this condition.
3. Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs
due to the lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid. These vitamins are essential for
the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In the case of vitamin B12
or folic acid deficiency, the red blood cells become large and immature, leading
to their inability to function properly. Additionally, neutrophils, which are a
type of white blood cell, can also become enlarged and hypersegmented in
megaloblastic anemia. The enlarged neutrophils are called "megaloblastic
neutrophils" or "hypersegmented neutrophils." The hypersegmentation occurs due
to the defect in DNA synthesis that results from the vitamin deficiency, causing
the nucleus of the neutrophil to segment more than the normal 2-5 lobes.
4. Acute myeloid leukemia: While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized
by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, enlarged
hypersegmented neutrophils are not a typical feature of this condition. In AML,
the bone marrow is filled with abnormal, immature cells called blasts, which do
not mature properly and function as normal blood cells. However, AML can present
with a variety of morphological changes in neutrophils, such as Auer rods, but
hypersegmentation is not specific to AML.
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly associated with
Megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
and leads to abnormal cell maturation in the bone marrow, affecting both red and
white blood cells.
The first vascular reaction In Inflammation is:
1. Vasoconstriction
2.
Vasodilation
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Marginisation or pavementing
Pathology Answer: 2
The first vascular reaction in inflammation is Vasodilation.
Explanation:
Inflammation is the body's protective response to tissue injury or infection. It
is characterized by the classical signs of redness (rubor), heat (calor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). The
initial vascular changes in the inflammatory process include:
1. Vasoconstriction: This is a temporary response that occurs immediately after
injury to minimize blood loss. However, it is quickly followed by the more
significant and prolonged phase of vasodilation.
2. Vasodilation: This is the first major vascular reaction in the inflammatory
response. Vasodilation occurs due to the release of substances such as
histamine, bradykinins, and prostaglandins from the damaged tissue cells and
mast cells. These substances are known as vasodilators and they cause the smooth
muscles surrounding the blood vessels to relax, leading to an increase in the
diameter of the blood vessels. This results in increased blood flow to the
injured area, which is essential for delivering white blood cells, nutrients,
and oxygen to the site of inflammation. The increased blood flow is what causes
the characteristic redness and heat of an inflamed area.
3. Increased vascular permeability: Although it is not the first vascular
reaction, increased vascular permeability is a critical component of the
inflammatory process. After vasodilation, the endothelial cells that line the
blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma and proteins to leak out of
the vessels into the surrounding tissue. This leads to the formation of an
exudate, which is the accumulation of fluid and proteins that makes up the
swelling (edema) seen in inflammation.
4. Marginisation or Pavementing: This is the process where neutrophils (a type
of white blood cell) move along the walls of blood vessels towards the site of
inflammation. It occurs later in the inflammatory response after the initial
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. These cells then migrate
through the vessel walls into the tissue to combat pathogens and debris.