MDS PREP
To perform tracheostomy entry should be made at the
1) Cricothyroid ligament
2) Thyroid membrane
3) Thyroid notch
4) Cricoid cartilage
Oral Surgery
Answer: 1
A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening in
the trachea (windpipe) to facilitate breathing. The preferred site for making
the incision during a tracheostomy is the cricothyroid ligament,
which is located between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
Cricothyroid ligament: This ligament is relatively
superficial and provides a safe access point to the airway, especially in
emergency situations. It is often chosen for emergency tracheostomy because
it is easier to locate and access quickly.
Usually hydrolysis of amide type of local anaesthetic salts is facilitated by
1. Tissue pH above 7.0
2. Tissue pH between 5.0 and 7.0
3. Tissue pH below 5.0
4. None of the above
Oral Surgery
Answer: 1
Hydrolysis of amide type of local anaesthetic salts is facilitated by tissue pH above 7.0.
Which is the best method to counteract severe acidosis following cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
1) Administration of adrenaline by IV routes
2) Administration of sodium bicorbonate intravenously
3) Administration of adrenaline intramuscularly
4) No treatment is necessary because it is self-limiting
Oral Surgery
Answer: 2
Severe acidosis, particularly metabolic acidosis, can occur following
prolonged cardiac arrest and subsequent CPR. The primary goal in managing such
cases is to restore normal pH levels in the body, which is crucial for proper
cellular function and overall physiological homeostasis.
1. Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate is a strong base that reacts with
hydrogen ions (H+), which are responsible for acidity in the blood, to form
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This reaction helps to neutralize the
excess hydrogen ions, thereby raising the pH of the blood. It is administered
intravenously because it allows for rapid distribution throughout the body and
direct access to the circulatory system where it can counteract acidosis most
effectively. The intravenous route ensures that the medication reaches the
bloodstream quickly and in a controlled manner, making it the preferred method
for acute and severe cases.
2. Adrenaline (epinephrine)*: Although adrenaline is a crucial medication used
in CPR for its vasopressor and cardiac stimulant effects, it is not the primary
treatment for severe acidosis. Adrenaline is typically administered to improve
cardiac output and blood pressure during CPR.
If efforts in cardiopulmonary resuscitation are effective there will be
1) Constriction of pupils
2) Dilatation of pupils
3) Hypertension immediate
4) None of the above
Oral Surgery
Answer: 1
Effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can lead to improved cerebral
perfusion and oxygenation, which may result in constriction of the pupils (miosis)
as the body begins to recover from the state of shock.
Nerve membrane stabilization action of local anaesthetic agents is due to
1. Increasing conductance of potassium ions
2. Creating negative after potentials
3. Preventing conductance of Na ions from the exterior of the nerve to the intrior
4. None of the above
Oral Surgery
Answer: 3
Nerve membrane stabilization action of local anaesthetic agents is due to preventing conductance of Na ions from the exterior of the nerve to the interior.
The onset of action of lidocaine is
1. 1-2 minutes
2. 5-10 minutes
3. 3-5 minutes
4. 7-8 minutes
Oral Surgery
Answer: 3
The onset of action of lidocaine is 3-5 minutes.
Scrub technique refers to a method of scrubbing the
1. Surgical instruments after a contaminated case
2. Patient body surface before placing surgical incison, to decrease bacterial flora
3. Operating room
4. Operator"s hands and forearms before donning gown and gloves
Oral Surgery
Answer: 4
Scrub technique refers to the method of scrubbing the operator's hands and
forearms before donning gown and gloves. This is essential for maintaining a
sterile environment and reducing the risk of surgical site infections.
Alpha adrenergic agonists are used in combination with local anaesthetics to
1. Increase the rate of liver metabolism of local anaesthetic
2. Increase the concentration of LA at receptor site
3. Both the above
4. None of the above
Oral Surgery
Answer: 2
Alpha adrenergic agonists are used in combination with local anaesthetics to increase the concentration of LA at receptor site.