MDS PREP
What type of sleep is associated with sleep spindles and K complexes?
1) Stage 1 NREM
2) Stage 2 NREM
3) Stage 3 NREM
4) REM sleep
While sleep spindles and K complexes are prominent in Stage 2 NREM sleep, they can also be present in the transition between wakefulness and sleep, which is considered part of Stage 1 NREM sleep.
What is the function of calcidiol in the body?
1) It is the active form of vitamin D
2) It is the precursor to calcitriol (active vitamin D)
3) It has no known function
4) It inhibits calcium absorption
Calcidiol is the precursor to calcitriol (active vitamin D) and plays a role in calcium absorption and bone health.
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone?
1) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
3) Estrogen
4) Progesterone
LH is responsible for the transformation of the follicle into the corpus luteum and the initiation of progesterone production during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
What is the primary function of the somatic sensory area of the parietal lobe?
1) Auditory perception
2) Visual perception
3) Somatic sensation interpretation
4) Olfactory perception
The somatic sensory area of the parietal lobe, particularly Brodmann's areas 3, 1, and 2, is involved in the interpretation of tactile, proprioceptive, and other sensory information from the body.
MCQ: The epithelial cells of the villi in the small intestine are responsible for:
1) Secreting gastric acid
2) Synthesizing bile
3) Final stage of digestion and nutrient absorption
4) All of the above
The epithelial cells of the villi in the small intestine are responsible for the final stage of digestion and nutrient absorption, playing a crucial role in the digestive process.
Which of the following statements about the neuronal circuit of the cerebellum is true?
1) Climbing fibers originate from the cerebral cortex and terminate on purkinje cells.
2) Mossy fibers establish excitatory synapses with interneurons in the molecular layer.
3) Stellate and basket cells are stimulated by inhibitory inputs from purkinje cells.
4) Golgi cells are inhibited by mossy fiber inputs.
E. All of the above.
Mossy fibers originate from various sources in the brain and spinal cord and terminate on granule cells in the granular layer of the cerebellum. The axons of granule cells, called parallel fibers, stimulate the purkinje cells and also synapse with interneurons such as stellate and basket cells in the molecular layer and Golgi cells in the granular layer. Climbing fibers originate from the inferior olivary nuclei and synapse directly on purkinje cells. The statement that stellate and basket cells are stimulated by inhibitory inputs from purkinje cells is incorrect; they are stimulated by parallel fibers and inhibit purkinje cells. Golgi cells are also stimulated by mossy fibers and help in the regulation of the overall output of the cerebellum.
What is the correct sequence of the stages of deglutition?
1) Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
2) Pharyngeal, esophageal, gastric
3) Voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal
4) Gastric, pharyngeal, esophageal
E) Voluntary, gastric, pharyngeal
Deglutition begins with the voluntary stage, where food is moved into the pharynx. This is followed by the pharyngeal stage, an involuntary process that includes closure of the glottis and opening of the esophagus. Finally, the esophageal stage is an involuntary process where food is propelled into the stomach through peristaltic movements.
What is the effect of Secretin on the contraction of the pyloric sphincter?
1) It relaxes the pyloric sphincter.
2) It contracts the pyloric sphincter.
3) It has no effect on the pyloric sphincter.
4) It depends on the presence of gastrin.
Secretin has no effect on the contraction of the pyloric sphincter, which is primarily regulated by other hormones.