MDS PREP
A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed glimepiride. What is the primary mechanism of action of glimepiride?
(1) Stimulation of insulin secretion
(2) Inhibition of insulin secretion
(3) Increased peripheral glucose utilization
(4) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels and causing depolarization, leading to calcium influx and insulin release.
What is the genetic pattern of inheritance for Huntington's disease?
(1) Autosomal recessive
(2) Autosomal dominant
(3) X-linked recessive
(4) X-linked dominant
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. This means that a single copy of the defective gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient to cause the disease. Each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and developing the disease.
What is the primary risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized patients?
1) Age over 65
2) Prolonged immobilization
3) Obesity
4) Cancer
Prolonged immobilization, such as during hospitalization or after surgery, is a significant risk factor for the development of DVT. Other risk factors include age over 65, obesity, and cancer, but among hospitalized patients, immobilization is the most common precipitating factor for venous thrombosis.
What is the primary treatment for a pneumothorax?
(1) Inhalation of oxygen
(2) Chest tube placement
(3) Pleural fluid drainage
(4) Anti-inflammatory medication
The definitive treatment for a pneumothorax is the insertion of a chest tube, which allows the evacuation of air or gas from the pleural space and the re-expansion of the lung. This is crucial for alleviating the symptoms and preventing the condition from progressing to a tension pneumothorax, which can be life-threatening. Other treatments may include oxygen therapy and pain management.
What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis?
(1) Smoking
(2) Viral infections
(3) Bacterial infections
(4) Air pollution
Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by smoking. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to excess mucus production and coughing. Other causes include long-term exposure to irritants like air pollution and repeated respiratory infections.
A patient presents with oral lesions and is diagnosed with secondary syphilis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of this stage?
(1) Condylomata lata
(2) Lues maligna
(3) Mucous patches
(4) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by the development of mucocutaneous lesions, including mucous patches, which are painless, erythematous ulcers with a smooth, moist, and glistening appearance, often found on the oral mucosa. These lesions can occur anywhere in the oral cavity but are particularly common on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa.
How is chronic hepatitis typically defined?
(1) Asymptomatic with biochemical evidence of liver disease for less than 6 months
(2) Asymptomatic with histologically documented inflammation for less than 6 months
(3) Asymptomatic with serological evidence of hepatic disease for less than 6 months
(4) Asymptomatic with biochemical or serological evidence of liver disease for more than 6 months
Chronic hepatitis is characterized by the persistent presence of liver inflammation and damage, typically lasting for more than 6 months. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. The diagnosis is often made based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and liver biopsy findings.
In the context of antitubercular therapy, which of the following is true about the metabolism of isoniazid and streptomycin?
(1) Both are metabolized in the liver
(2) Both are metabolized in the kidneys
(3) Isoniazid is metabolized in the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized in the kidneys
(4) Isoniazid is metabolized in the kidneys, while streptomycin is metabolized in the liver
Isoniazid is metabolized by the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized by the kidneys. This is important to consider when administering these drugs, especially in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.