MDS PREP
Drug of choice in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
1) Diprofloxacin
2) Catrimoxazole
3) Zidovudine
4) Pentamidine
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The drug of choice in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is Catrimoxazole
What is the primary diagnostic difference between constitutional delay of growth and growth hormone deficiency?
1) Family history
2) Epiphyseal development
3) Birth weight and height
4) GH receptor sensitivity
Constitutional delay of growth is characterized by a positive family history of late maturation, while growth hormone deficiency typically is not associated with such a family pattern.
What is the typical age of onset for children with growth hormone deficiency due to hypopituitarism?
1) At birth
2) During infancy
3) At the onset of puberty
4) Variable, but often in childhood
Growth hormone deficiency due to hypopituitarism can manifest at different ages depending on the underlying cause. It is often recognized in childhood when growth patterns are monitored regularly.
Black urine is seen in
1) Billirubinuria
2) Blackwater fever
3) Alkaptonuria
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Black urine can be associated with several conditions:
Bilirubinuria: The presence of bilirubin in urine can
lead to dark urine, although it is typically more yellow-brown than black.
Blackwater fever: This is a severe complication of
malaria that can cause hemolysis and dark urine due to the presence of
hemoglobin.
Alkaptonuria: This is a rare genetic disorder where
homogentisic acid accumulates in the body, leading to dark urine upon
exposure to air.
What is the most common serotype of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) associated with outbreaks in developed countries?
1) O157:H7
2) O104:H4
3) O26:H11
4) O111:H8
E. coli O157:H7 is the most commonly identified serotype of EHEC and is associated with outbreaks related to the consumption of inadequately cooked ground beef, milk, and vegetables. It produces Shiga-like toxins, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome.
What is the primary mechanism of injury in alcoholic liver disease?
1) Direct cytotoxicity of ethanol
2) Oxidative stress
3) Lipid peroxidation
4) Cytokine-mediated inflammation
Cytokine-mediated inflammation is a major mechanism in alcoholic liver disease. TNF is the primary cytokine involved, with other cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 also contributing to cell injury. These cytokines are produced in response to reactive oxygen species and other toxic metabolites of ethanol.
Which of the following is a hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis?
1) Massive hepatic necrosis
2) Fatty infiltration of hepatocytes
3) Extensive scar tissue and regenerative nodules
4) Inflammatory cell infiltration
Alcoholic cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of extensive scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules within the liver. This results from chronic alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes and the subsequent wound healing response.
What is the primary function of alpha-2-macroglobulin in the body?
1) Inhibition of serum proteases
2) Osmotic regulation
3) Transport of copper
4) Blood clot dissolution
Alpha-2-macroglobulin is a plasma protein that functions as an inhibitor of serum proteases, including thrombin and other proteolytic enzymes. It is involved in the regulation of extracellular proteolytic activity and the prevention of tissue damage.