MDS PREP
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes
1) Acute infections
2) Asymptomatic infections
3) Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
4) All of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes asymptomatic infections where patients are HIV positive but do not exhibit symptoms. Class I includes acute infections, and Class III involves symptomatic infections. Therefore, Class II is characterized by individuals being asymptomatic despite being infected with HIV.
What is the typical presentation of a "brown tumor" in a patient with hyperparathyroidism?
1) Well-circumscribed, lytic lesion in the skull
2) Expansile, osteolytic lesion in the long bones
3) Well-circumscribed, dark brown area in the region of severe bone resorption
4) Osteoblastic lesion with increased bone density
Brown tumors are benign fibro-osseous lesions that occur in the context of hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption. They are typically seen in areas of high bone turnover.
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.
What is the primary mechanism by which H. pylori is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach?
1) It produces hydrochloric acid
2) It has a protective outer coating
3) It produces urease, which generates ammonia
4) It lives in the mucus layer without contacting the acid
H. pylori produces the enzyme urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, raising the local pH around the bacteria and protecting them from the acidic gastric environment.
What is the primary function of protein S?
1) Inhibition of factor Xa
2) Inhibition of factor VIIIa
3) Inhibition of factor IIa (thrombin)
4) Activation of factor V
Protein S, in complex with activated protein C, acts as a cofactor for the inhibition of factor Xa, thus playing a role in the regulation of the coagulation cascade and preventing thrombus formation.
A newborn baby has severe bleeding. Which of the following coagulation factor deficiencies is the most common cause of this condition?
1) Factor II deficiency
2) Factor V deficiency
3) Factor VIII deficiency
4) Factor X deficiency
In newborns, factor VIII deficiency, known as Hemophilia A, is the most common cause of severe bleeding. It is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means that females are carriers and males are affected. The severity of the bleeding is indicative of the lack of this crucial coagulation factor.
Congenital rubella syndrome may cause all the following except
1) Patent ductus arteriosus
2) Spontaneous abortion
3) Sensory nerve deafness
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Congenital rubella syndrome can lead to various complications, including patent ductus arteriosus, sensory nerve deafness, and spontaneous abortion. However, the statement "None of the above" is incorrect as all listed conditions can occur due to the syndrome.