MDS PREP
Pinhead stippling of the skull is a radiological sign associated with which condition?
1) Rickets
2) Osteopetrosis
3) Hyperparathyroidism
4) Osteomalacia
Pinhead stippling of the skull is a sign of increased osteoclastic activity, which is characteristic of hyperparathyroidism. It represents resorption of the outer layer of the bone and is most prominent in the calvaria.
A 30-year-old male presents with a history of recurrent fever, chills, and pain in the right iliac fossa. His urinalysis is normal. His blood tests reveal leukocytosis and an elevated ESR. An ultrasound shows a right sided mass. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Pyelonephritis
2) Crohn's disease
3) Tubo-ovarian abscess
4) Appendicitis
The combination of fever, chills, and right iliac fossa pain with a pelvic mass and leukocytosis is most indicative of a tubo-ovarian abscess. This condition is often a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial pathogens including sexually transmitted infections.
What is the typical inheritance pattern of Hemophilia A?
1) Autosomal recessive
2) Autosomal dominant
3) Sex-linked recessive
4) Sex-linked dominant
Hemophilia A is typically inherited in a sex-linked recessive pattern, meaning it is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. Males are more commonly affected since they have only one X chromosome, while females with one normal and one affected X chromosome are usually carriers and may exhibit mild symptoms.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
A newborn baby has severe bleeding. Which of the following coagulation factor deficiencies is the most common cause of this condition?
1) Factor II deficiency
2) Factor V deficiency
3) Factor VIII deficiency
4) Factor X deficiency
In newborns, factor VIII deficiency, known as Hemophilia A, is the most common cause of severe bleeding. It is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means that females are carriers and males are affected. The severity of the bleeding is indicative of the lack of this crucial coagulation factor.
Crepitus will be seen in the tissues surrounding an infection by
1) Staphylococcus
2) Streptococcus
3) Clostridium tetani
4) C. perfringes
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Crepitus is a characteristic sign of gas gangrene, which is often caused by Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium produces gas in tissues, leading to a crackling sensation upon palpation.
In the synthesis of which protein is vitamin K an essential cofactor?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor VIII
4) Factor X
Vitamin K is a crucial cofactor in the carboxylation of glutamate residues in the synthesis of prothrombin (factor II), which is essential for its activity. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to decreased levels of factor II, resulting in a bleeding tendency known as hypoprothrombinemia.
What is the most common serosal cavity involved in SLE?
1) Pleural cavity
2) Pericardial cavity
3) Peritoneal cavity
4) Peripheral synovial membranes
Pleurisy, or inflammation of the pleural lining, is the most common serosal involvement in SLE. This can lead to pleural effusions and chest pain.