MDS PREP
What is the primary genetic defect in Wilson's disease?
1) Mutation in the ATP7A gene
2) Mutation in the ATP7B gene
3) Mutation in the ceruloplasmin gene
4) Mutation in the hepcidin gene
Wilson's disease is caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13, which leads to defective copper excretion and accumulation in the liver and other organs.
The first line treatment for anaphylactic shock includes:
1) Intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) Intravenous antihistamines
3) Intravenous corticosteroids
4) Intramuscular corticosteroids
Adrenaline is the drug of choice in anaphylactic shock as it acts rapidly to counteract the effects of histamine by causing vasoconstriction and bronchodilation. It is administered intramuscularly to ensure quick absorption and action.
What is the principal function of ceruloplasmin in the body?
1) Transport of iron
2) Transport of copper
3) Inhibition of serum proteases
4) Osmotic regulation
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver and is the major copper-transporting protein in the bloodstream. It is essential for the maintenance of iron homeostasis and the metabolism of iron and copper.
What is the primary mechanism of injury in alcoholic liver disease?
1) Direct cytotoxicity of ethanol
2) Oxidative stress
3) Lipid peroxidation
4) Cytokine-mediated inflammation
Cytokine-mediated inflammation is a major mechanism in alcoholic liver disease. TNF is the primary cytokine involved, with other cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 also contributing to cell injury. These cytokines are produced in response to reactive oxygen species and other toxic metabolites of ethanol.
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs
1) Beyond major bronchus
2) In alveolar region
3) Beyond terminal bronchioles
4) Beyond minor bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs beyond terminal bronchioles
A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is found to have a very high white blood cell (WBC) count. Which of the following is NOT a common physical examination finding in CLL?
1) Splenomegaly
2) Lymphadenopathy
3) Hepatomegaly
4) Fever
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of mature-looking but functionally incompetent lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. Common physical examination findings include splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly due to infiltration by leukemic cells.
A 55-year-old diabetic patient presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. What is the most critical component of the initial management?
1) Antibiotic therapy
2) Wound debridement
3) Control of blood glucose
4) Reconstructive surgery
Proper glycemic control is essential for wound healing in diabetic patients. Elevated blood glucose levels impair the immune response and can worsen the ulcer.