MDS PREP
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Kaussmaul"s breathing is due to presence of
1) Bicarbonate
2) H+ ions
3) Chloride ions
4) K+ ions
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Kaussmaul's breathing is due to the presence of H+ ions
Digoxin:
1) clearance is by the liver
2) increases conduction of the AV node
3) decreases the force of myocardial contraction
4) may cause atrial tachycardia in overdosage
General Medicine Answer: 4
Digoxin is a positive inotrope, hence it increases the force of myocardial contraction and may be effective in heart failure. It is a cardiac glycoside, which reduces the conductivity of the atrioventricular (AV) node and which may be used in atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin has a long half-life and is given once daily. It is cleared by the renal system and hence renal impairment requires the reduction of digoxin dose.
Arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia, may be a sign of digoxin toxicity.
Digoxin toxicity is enhanced if there are 67 electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia.
What is the most common non-CNS manifestation of Wilson’s disease?
1) Hepatic cirrhosis
2) Cardiac dysfunction
3) Pancreatitis
4) Arthritis
While CNS manifestations are prominent in Wilson’s disease, hepatic cirrhosis is the most common non-CNS manifestation. It occurs due to the deposition of copper in the liver, leading to chronic liver damage.
What is the primary target of autoantibodies in SLE that contributes to the disease's pathology?
1) Cell membranes
2) Cytoplasmic components
3) Nuclear components
4) Extracellular matrix
The primary target of autoantibodies in SLE is nuclear components. These antibodies can lead to the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, resulting in widespread tissue damage and inflammation.
What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) in developing countries?
1) Tuberculosis
2) Autoimmune diseases
3) Adrenal hemorrhage
4) Adrenal cancer
In developing countries, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency is tuberculosis, due to its higher prevalence and ability to spread to various organs, including the adrenal glands.
What is the primary mechanism underlying the pathology of SLE?
1) Autoantibodies against nuclear antigens
2) Autoantibodies against cytoplasmic antigens
3) Autoantibodies against cell surface antigens
4) Autoantibodies against mitochondrial antigens
SLE is characterized by the presence of a wide array of autoantibodies, particularly against nuclear components. These autoantibodies contribute to the pathology of the disease by forming immune complexes that can cause tissue damage and by activating the complement system, leading to inflammation.
What is the primary function of the pancreatic islets in relation to Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Producing insulin
2) Producing glucagon
3) Producing somatostatin
4) Producing gastrin
In Zollinger Ellison syndrome, the pancreatic islets are involved because they contain the gastrin-producing cells that form the gastrinomas. The overproduction of gastrin is the main pathological mechanism leading to the disease's clinical manifestations.