MDS PREP
What is the most common risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
1) Cigarette smoking
2) High HDL cholesterol
3) Physical inactivity
4) Impaired fasting glucose
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis as it damages the inner lining of the blood vessels, leading to the formation of plaques.
Which of the following is a common premedication for patients with valvular heart disease or congenital cardiac defects undergoing dental procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis?
(1) Amoxicillin
(2) Clindamycin
(3) Cephalexin
(4) All of the above
Amoxicillin, clindamycin, and cephalexin are all commonly recommended as premedications for patients with valvular heart disease or congenital cardiac defects before dental procedures. The choice of antibiotic may depend on the patient's allergies and the type of infection.
Varicose veins may be seen in the
1) Calf
2) Thigh
3) Scrotum
4) All of the above
Oral medicine
Answer: 4
Varicose veins are characterized by twisted, swollen veins that often
appear blue or purple. Common signs and symptoms include aching or heavy
legs, burning or throbbing sensations, muscle cramps, swelling in the lower
legs, and skin changes such as color alterations or sores
Visible Changes:
Twisted, swollen veins that are often blue or dark purple.
Bulging veins that may appear just below the skin surface.
Physical Sensations:
Aching or heavy feeling in the legs.
Burning, throbbing, or cramping sensations, particularly in the
calves.
Swelling in the lower legs and ankles.
Skin Changes:
Color changes in the skin, which may appear red or brown.
Development of sores or ulcers on the skin that do not heal easily.
Scaly or irritated skin that may crack easily.
Other Symptoms:
Restless legs syndrome, which can cause discomfort and an urge to
move the legs.
Pain in the legs or calves after prolonged sitting or standing.
Complications of Varicose Veins
Severe Symptoms:
Increased leg swelling and pain, especially after long periods of
inactivity.
Risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to
serious complications if blood clots form.
Skin Conditions:
Lipodermatosclerosis, a condition that causes inflammation and
hardening of the skin.
Venous ulcers, which are painful sores that can develop due to poor
circulation.
A patient with a known history of peptic ulcer disease presents with severe abdominal pain and is found to have peritonitis. Which of the following is the most likely complication?
1) Perforated ulcer
2) Gastric outlet obstruction
3) Gastric cancer
4) Duodenal ulcer bleed
The development of peritonitis in a patient with peptic ulcer disease suggests a complication such as a perforated ulcer. This occurs when the ulcer erodes through the gastric or duodenal wall, allowing gastric contents to spill into the peritoneal cavity, causing inflammation and pain.
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis?
1) Orthopedic surgery
2) Lung cancer
3) Estrogen use for contraception
4) DVT in a family member
While lung cancer itself is not a direct risk factor for venous thrombosis, it can be associated with hypercoagulable states due to the presence of tumor cells or paraneoplastic syndromes. The other options (orthopedic surgery, estrogen use for contraception, and a family history of DVT) are all recognized conditions that increase the risk of developing venous thrombosis.
A patient presents with oral lesions and is diagnosed with secondary syphilis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of this stage?
(1) Condylomata lata
(2) Lues maligna
(3) Mucous patches
(4) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by the development of mucocutaneous lesions, including mucous patches, which are painless, erythematous ulcers with a smooth, moist, and glistening appearance, often found on the oral mucosa. These lesions can occur anywhere in the oral cavity but are particularly common on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa.
What is the common mode of action of antifungal agents like nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Binding to bacterial cell walls
(2) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
(3) Inhibition of fungal ergosterol synthesis
(4) Inhibition of fungal DNA synthesis
Nystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
A patient presents with symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The physician suspects the presence of emphysema.
Which of the following conditions is likely to cause pulsus paradoxus in this patient?
(1) Pneumothorax
(2) Pleural effusion
(3) Emphysema/Asthma
(4) Cor pulmonale
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, which can occur in patients with airflow obstruction conditions such as emphysema and asthma. These conditions can lead to increased intrathoracic pressure swings during respiration, which affects the cardiac output and arterial pulse amplitude.