MDS PREP
Which type of diabetes is generally associated with insulin resistance?
1) Type 1 Diabetes
2) Type 2 Diabetes
3) Gestational Diabetes
4) Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Type 2 diabetes is primarily associated with insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the treatment of pulmonary embolism?
1) Prevents thrombus formation
2) Dissolves existing thrombi
3) Inhibits platelet aggregation
4) Enhances fibrinolysis
tPA is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots. In the treatment of pulmonary embolism, it is administered to break down the clot in the pulmonary artery, thereby improving blood flow and reducing the risk of complications.
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
What is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency?
1) Increased metabolic demand
2) Decreased dietary intake
3) Impaired absorption
4) Increased renal excretion
Folic acid deficiency is most commonly due to inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand, such as during pregnancy.
A patient with severe bronchospasm secondary to an asthma attack is administered a beta2 agonist. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta2 agonists?
(1) Stimulation of beta2 receptors in the heart
(2) Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
(3) Constriction of bronchial blood vessels
(4) Stimulation of mucus production
Beta2 agonists, such as albuterol, work by binding to beta2 receptors on the smooth muscles surrounding the airways, leading to relaxation of these muscles and bronchodilation, which helps alleviate the bronchospasm characteristic of an asthma attack.
Which of the following is NOT a common behavioral symptom in early Huntington's disease?
(1) Depression
(2) Apathy
(3) Hyperactivity
(4) Social withdrawal
In early Huntington's disease, common behavioral symptoms include depression, apathy, irritability, and social withdrawal. Hyperactivity is not a typical early symptom; rather, the disease is more associated with a decline in motor function and increased involuntary movements (chorea).
What is the primary action of acetaminophen?
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Analgesic and antipyretic
3) Muscle relaxant
4) Antihypertensive
Acetaminophen is primarily known for its analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. It is a common component in many over-the-counter pain relief medications.
What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis?
(1) Smoking
(2) Viral infections
(3) Bacterial infections
(4) Air pollution
Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by smoking. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to excess mucus production and coughing. Other causes include long-term exposure to irritants like air pollution and repeated respiratory infections.