MDS PREP
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
What is the primary cellular defect caused by HIV infection leading to AIDS?
(1) Depletion of CD8 cells
(2) Depletion of CD4 cells
(3) Overproduction of CD8 cells
(4) Overproduction of CD4 cells
The primary cellular defect caused by HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, which are essential for a properly functioning immune system. This leads to a compromised immune system that is susceptible to opportunistic infections.
What is the primary risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized patients?
1) Age over 65
2) Prolonged immobilization
3) Obesity
4) Cancer
Prolonged immobilization, such as during hospitalization or after surgery, is a significant risk factor for the development of DVT. Other risk factors include age over 65, obesity, and cancer, but among hospitalized patients, immobilization is the most common precipitating factor for venous thrombosis.
Antibioma is
1) A tumour of fibrous tissue
2) Granulation tissue mass caused by antibiotics
3) Malignant tumour caused by antibiotics
4) None
Oral medicine
Answer: 2
An antibioma is a localized mass of granulation tissue that forms in response to the presence of antibiotics, often as a result of an infection. It is not a tumor in the traditional sense but rather a reactive tissue response to the antibiotic treatment.
A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is being evaluated for chronic venous insufficiency. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in chronic venous insufficiency?
(1) Varicose veins
(2) Pitting edema
(3) Ulcers on the medial malleolus
(4) All of the above
Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by a range of symptoms and physical findings, including varicose veins, pitting edema, and venous ulcers, particularly around the medial malleolus (ankle). These symptoms result from impaired venous return and increased venous pressure in the lower extremities.
A patient presents with symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The physician suspects the presence of emphysema.
Which of the following conditions is likely to cause pulsus paradoxus in this patient?
(1) Pneumothorax
(2) Pleural effusion
(3) Emphysema/Asthma
(4) Cor pulmonale
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, which can occur in patients with airflow obstruction conditions such as emphysema and asthma. These conditions can lead to increased intrathoracic pressure swings during respiration, which affects the cardiac output and arterial pulse amplitude.
In a patient with generalized muscle weakness following barium carbonate ingestion, what is the most likely underlying cause?
1) Hypermagnesemia
2) Hypokalemia
3) Hyperkalemia
4) Hypocalcemia
Barium carbonate can cause muscle weakness by increasing muscle sodium permeability and decreasing potassium permeability, leading to a large shift of extracellular potassium into muscle cells, resulting in hypokalemia.
What is the typical age of onset for increased risk of coronary heart disease in women?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
Women are generally protected from coronary heart disease by estrogen before menopause, which is why the increased risk typically starts later at the age of 55 years.