MDS PREP
In a patient with nephrotic syndrome, which of the following is true regarding plasma cholesterol levels?
(1) Plasma cholesterol levels are decreased due to increased LDL receptors in the liver.
(2) Plasma cholesterol levels are increased due to the loss of cholesterol in urine.
(3) Plasma cholesterol levels are normal as the condition is unrelated to lipid metabolism.
(4) Plasma cholesterol levels are decreased due to increased hepatic synthesis of bile salts.
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with hyperlipidemia, particularly increased levels of LDL and cholesterol. The underlying mechanism involves the loss of albumin in the urine, which leads to hypoalbuminemia. This causes an increased synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by the liver to compensate for the loss of oncotic pressure. Additionally, the loss of proteins that normally bind to cholesterol in the blood, such as lipoproteins, results in decreased clearance of LDL.
What is the genetic basis of neurofibromatosis type 1?
(1) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 13
(2) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
(3) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 22
(4) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, which produces neurofibromin. The gene is located on chromosome 17.
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
1) 12-16 breaths/min
2) 16-20 breaths/min
3) 20-24 breaths/min
4) 24-30 breaths/min
The normal adult respiratory rate is typically between 12 and 16 breaths per minute.
Cyclosporine enlargement of gingiva can be classified as
1. Non inflammatory
2. Inflammatory
3. Developmental
4. Malignant
Oral Medicine
Answer: 1
What is the difference between neurolept analgesia and neurolept anesthesia?
(1) Neurolept anesthesia includes the administration of nitrous oxide
(2) Neurolept analgesia is a surgical anesthesia technique
(3) Neurolept anesthesia produces a conscious state
(4) There is no difference
Neurolept analgesia is a state of sedation and analgesia produced by the combined use of a neuroleptic agent and a narcotic analgesic. Neurolept anesthesia, on the other hand, includes the administration of nitrous oxide along with the neuroleptic agent and narcotic analgesic, which induces a deeper state of unconsciousness and is used for certain surgical procedures. The addition of nitrous oxide enhances the overall anesthetic effect.
What is the common mode of action of antifungal agents like nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Binding to bacterial cell walls
(2) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
(3) Inhibition of fungal ergosterol synthesis
(4) Inhibition of fungal DNA synthesis
Nystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of valvular heart disease?
1) Shortness of breath
2) Rapid heartbeat
3) Chest discomfort
4) Abnormal body temperature
Valvular heart disease symptoms typically include weakness on exertion, rapid heartbeat, chest discomfort, and fainting spells. However, an abnormal body temperature is not a common symptom associated with valvular heart disease.
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.