MDS PREP
Which of the following is the primary function of protein C?
1) Activation of factor V
2) Inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin
3) Formation of fibrin
4) Inhibition of factor VIIIa
Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that acts as an anticoagulant. Upon activation, it forms a complex with protein S and inhibits factor Xa and thrombin, thereby preventing excessive clot formation and promoting clot dissolution.
What is the primary goal of treatment for adults with diabetes mellitus?
1) Maintaining HbA1C levels below 7%
2) Achieving a preprandial capillary plasma glucose of 100-130 mg/dl
3) Lowering blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg
4) All of the above
The treatment goals for adults with diabetes mellitus are multifaceted and include glycemic control, blood pressure management, and lipid management. The aim is to maintain HbA1C levels below 7% for most individuals to minimize long-term complications.
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.
In which of the following diseases is nephrotic syndrome a common complication?
1) Diabetes mellitus
2) Amyloidosis
3) Systemic lupus erythematosus
4) All of the above
Nephrotic syndrome can occur as a complication in all three conditions listed: diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These diseases can cause damage to the glomerular basement membrane and lead to loss of proteins in the urine.
What is the primary mechanism by which alcohol induces lipid peroxidation in the liver?
1) Through the production of acetaldehyde
2) By increasing microsomal ethanol oxidizing activity
3) Through the generation of reactive oxygen species
4) By inhibiting antioxidant enzymes
Alcohol induces lipid peroxidation primarily by generating reactive oxygen species during its metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. These free radicals can damage cell membranes and organelles.
As opposed to lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia is characterised grossly and microscopically by
1) Patchy inflammatory distribution
2) Organization of alveolar exudates
3) Diffuse inflammatory distribution
4) Inflammation of bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 1
As opposed to lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia is characterized grossly and microscopically by patchy inflammatory distribution
In which condition breath sounds are absent
1) Bronchial asthma
2) Pneumothorax
3) Emphysema
4) Pneumonia
General Medicine
Answer: 2
In pneumothorax, breath sounds are absent
Which of the following drugs acts by enzyme inhibition?
1) salbutamol
2) acetazolamide
3) tolbutamide
4) chlorpromazine
General Medicine Answer: 2
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces aqueous humour production and is therefore indicated in glaucoma to reduce the intraocular pressure.
Salbutamol is a selective, short-acting beta2-agonist used as a bronchodilator in asthma. Tolbutamide is a short-acting sulphonylurea used in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Chlorpromazine is an aliphatic neuroleptic antipsychotic drug used in schizophrenia.