MDS PREP
All are features of Intravascular hemolysis except -
1) Thrombocytopenia
2) Hemosiderinuria
3) Decreased haptoglobin
4) Raised indirect bilirubin
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Thrombocytopenia is not a feature of intravascular hemolysis; it is more commonly associated with other conditions such as bone marrow disorders.
All of the following statements about the typical feature of a periapical granuloma are true EXCEPT
1. It consists of proliferating granulation tissue
2. It can form only if the periapical bone is resorbed
3. It shows evidence of local antibody production
4. It results from immunologically mediated tissue damage
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Periapical granulomas were diagnosed as well-circumscribed periapical
radiolucency measuring less than 1.5 cm in diameter, periapical cysts were
characterized by well-defined periapical radiolucency with sclerotic borders
measuring greater than 1.5 cm, and periapical abscesses were characterized by
ill-defined periapical radiolucency with diffuse margins.
While bone resorption can occur in the presence of a periapical granuloma, it
is not a prerequisite for its formation. A periapical granuloma can develop in
response to pulp necrosis or infection without necessarily requiring bone
resorption to occur first. The granuloma can form as a reaction to the
inflammatory process, regardless of the state of the surrounding bone.
The first vascular reaction In Inflammation is:
1. Vasoconstriction
2.
Vasodilation
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Marginisation or pavementing
Pathology Answer: 2
The first vascular reaction in inflammation is Vasodilation.
Explanation:
Inflammation is the body's protective response to tissue injury or infection. It
is characterized by the classical signs of redness (rubor), heat (calor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). The
initial vascular changes in the inflammatory process include:
1. Vasoconstriction: This is a temporary response that occurs immediately after
injury to minimize blood loss. However, it is quickly followed by the more
significant and prolonged phase of vasodilation.
2. Vasodilation: This is the first major vascular reaction in the inflammatory
response. Vasodilation occurs due to the release of substances such as
histamine, bradykinins, and prostaglandins from the damaged tissue cells and
mast cells. These substances are known as vasodilators and they cause the smooth
muscles surrounding the blood vessels to relax, leading to an increase in the
diameter of the blood vessels. This results in increased blood flow to the
injured area, which is essential for delivering white blood cells, nutrients,
and oxygen to the site of inflammation. The increased blood flow is what causes
the characteristic redness and heat of an inflamed area.
3. Increased vascular permeability: Although it is not the first vascular
reaction, increased vascular permeability is a critical component of the
inflammatory process. After vasodilation, the endothelial cells that line the
blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma and proteins to leak out of
the vessels into the surrounding tissue. This leads to the formation of an
exudate, which is the accumulation of fluid and proteins that makes up the
swelling (edema) seen in inflammation.
4. Marginisation or Pavementing: This is the process where neutrophils (a type
of white blood cell) move along the walls of blood vessels towards the site of
inflammation. It occurs later in the inflammatory response after the initial
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. These cells then migrate
through the vessel walls into the tissue to combat pathogens and debris.
Which of the following is associated with a low concentration of ionized calcium in the serum?
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Osteogenesis imperfecta
3. Paget"s disease of the bone
4. Tetany
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Tetany is associated with a low concentration of ionized calcium in the serum.
A patient showing brownish pigmentation and with normal laboratory findings may be suffering from
1. Addison"s disease
2. Fibrous dysplasia
3. Neurofibromatosis
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Brownish pigmentation with normal laboratory findings may indicate Addison's disease.
Radiodensity can be increased by
1. Decreasing mA
2. Decreasing kVp
3. Decreasing target-film distance
4. Increasing target-film distance
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Radiodensity can be increased by increasing target-film distance.
The deficiency of which of the following vitamins does not affect tooth development
1. Vit A
2. Vit D
3. Vit C
4. Vit K
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Vitamin K deficiency does not affect tooth development.
What is the primary dietary modification recommended for patients with celiac sprue?
1) Low-fat diet
2) Low-carbohydrate diet
3) Low-calorie diet
4) Gluten-free diet
A gluten-free diet is the primary dietary modification recommended for patients with celiac sprue.