MDS PREP
Sickle cell trait patient do not have manifestations as that of Sickle cell disease, because-
1) 50% HbS is required for occurrence of sickling
2) HbA prevents sickling
3) 50% sickles
4) HbA prevents polymerization of Hbs
General Pathology
Answer: 2
HbA prevents sickling in sickle cell trait patients because the presence of normal hemoglobin (HbA) reduces the proportion of HbS, preventing polymerization.
The typical ‘crew cut’ appearance seen in sickle cell anemia because
of:
1. Capillary stasis — decreased blood supply to bone
2. Resorption of marrow leads to expansion of skull bone
3. Expansion of marrow leads to resorption of bone with apposition of new bone
on skull
4. All of the above
Pathology Answer: 3
The expansion of the marrow space due to increased hematopoiesis can lead to resorption of the outer cortical bone and the formation of new bone, resulting in the characteristic "crew cut" appearance on X-rays. This appearance is due to the trabecular pattern of the skull becoming more prominent as the outer layer is resorbed.
Virchow’s triad includes all except:
1) Injury to vein
2) Venous thrombosis
3) Hypercoagulability of blood
4) Venous stasis
General Pathology
Answer: 2
Venous thrombosis is not part of Virchow’s triad; the triad includes injury to the vein, hypercoagulability, and venous stasis.
All are features of Intravascular hemolysis except -
1) Thrombocytopenia
2) Hemosiderinuria
3) Decreased haptoglobin
4) Raised indirect bilirubin
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Thrombocytopenia is not a feature of intravascular hemolysis; it is more commonly associated with other conditions such as bone marrow disorders.
Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for when two days after removal of a cancerous neck lesion, there is thigh and calf cramps, tingling around the lips, low serum calcium, and high serum phosphate?
1) Hyperparathyroidism
2) Primary hypoparathyroidism
3) Pseudohypoparathyroidism
4) Renal failure
General Pathology Answer: 2
The symptoms described, including low serum calcium and high serum phosphate, are indicative of primary hypoparathyroidism, which can occur after the removal of parathyroid glands.
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons travelling from tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the
1. Gruntled filament
2. Anodic tungsten target
3. Cathodic tungsten target
4. Molybdenum lining of anode
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons traveling from the tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the anodic tungsten target.
Vitamin "D" deficiency causes
1. Widening of predentin
2. Defective calcification
3. Microdontia
4. Interglobular dentin formation
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Vitamin D deficiency causes widening of predentin due to defective calcification.
Examples of oncofoetal antigen is/are:
1. á -fetoprotein
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen
3. A and B
4. None of the above
Pathology Answer: 3
Oncofoetal antigens are substances that are normally present in the
developing fetus but are found in abnormally high quantities in the tissues of
certain cancer cells. These antigens are proteins that can be used as markers
for the detection of certain types of cancers. The presence of these antigens in
cancer cells suggests that the tumor cells have partially reverted to a more
primitive, embryonic stage of development.
Explanation for each option:
1. á-Fetoprotein (AFP): This is an oncofoetal antigen. It is a glycoprotein that
is produced by the liver cells of the developing fetus. In adults, the
production of AFP is usually very low. However, in cases of certain cancers such
as hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) and some types of testicular
cancer, the tumor cells start producing AFP in large amounts. Therefore, high
levels of AFP in the blood can be indicative of these cancers.
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA is another example of an oncofoetal
antigen. It is a glycoprotein that is present in the gastrointestinal tract,
pancreas, and sometimes in the respiratory and reproductive systems of a
developing fetus. In adults, CEA levels are typically very low. However, in
certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and some
forms of lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, the tumor cells may start
producing large amounts of CEA, which can be detected in the blood and used as a
tumor marker for these malignancies.
3. A and B: Both α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are examples of
oncofoetal antigens, so this option is correct.