MDS PREP
What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
1) Hyperventilation
2) Metabolic acidosis
3) Respiratory acidosis
4) Excessive ingestion of antacids
Respiratory alkalosis is most commonly caused by hyperventilation, which can occur due to anxiety, pain, fever, hypoxia, and certain neurological conditions.
A patient presents with symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The physician suspects the presence of emphysema.
Which of the following conditions is likely to cause pulsus paradoxus in this patient?
(1) Pneumothorax
(2) Pleural effusion
(3) Emphysema/Asthma
(4) Cor pulmonale
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, which can occur in patients with airflow obstruction conditions such as emphysema and asthma. These conditions can lead to increased intrathoracic pressure swings during respiration, which affects the cardiac output and arterial pulse amplitude.
"potato tumour" is the
1) Carcinoma thyroid
2) Infected sebaceous cyst
3) Chemodectoma of carotid body
4) Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid
Oral medicine
Answer: 3
The term "potato tumour" is often used to describe a chemodectoma, which is a type of tumor that arises from the chemoreceptor cells of the carotid body. These tumors can be vascular and may have a lobulated appearance, resembling a potato. They are typically benign but can cause symptoms due to their location and pressure effects on surrounding structures.
A patient with a history of hypothyroidism presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:
1) Subclinical hypothyroidism
2) Hyperthyroidism
3) Thyroid cancer
4) Adrenal insufficiency
The symptoms of fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain are more consistent with hypothyroidism than hyperthyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of hypothyroidism where the patient may have a normal T4 level but an elevated TSH level.
What is the primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease?
1) Brain MRI
2) Genetic testing
3) Clinical examination and family history
4) Cerebral spinal fluid analysis
The primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease is genetic testing. It involves identifying the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene on chromosome 4.
What is the typical age range for increased risk of coronary heart disease in men?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
According to the provided risk factor list for atherosclerosis, men are considered at increased risk for coronary heart disease starting at the age of 45 years.
What is the most commonly damaged heart valve in rheumatic heart disease?
1) Aortic valve
2) Mitral valve
3) Tricuspid valve
4) Pulmonary valve
Rheumatic heart disease is most commonly associated with damage to the mitral valve, which is situated between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
A patient with severe asthma is prescribed a combination of albuterol and ipratropium. What is the primary mechanism of action for each medication?
(1) Albuterol: beta2-adrenergic agonist; Ipratropium: muscarinic antagonist
(2) Albuterol: muscarinic antagonist; Ipratropium: beta2-adrenergic agonist
(3) Albuterol: beta-adrenergic agonist; Ipratropium: muscarinic antagonist
(4) Albuterol: muscarinic agonist; Ipratropium: beta2-adrenergic antagonist
Albuterol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, while ipratropium is a muscarinic antagonist that blocks the parasympathetic effects on the airways, leading to bronchodilation.