MDS PREP
What is the primary hormone responsible for the regulation of phosphate homeostasis?
1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2) Vitamin D
3) Calcitriol
4) Phosphatonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary hormone involved in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. It acts to increase serum calcium levels and decrease serum phosphate levels by promoting calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneys and stimulating the release of calcium from bones.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
1) Factor XII
2) Factor XI
3) Tissue factor
4) Factor X
Tissue factor is actually a component of the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. The intrinsic pathway involves factors XII, XI, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, and factors VIII, IX, and X.
Digoxin:
1) clearance is by the liver
2) increases conduction of the AV node
3) decreases the force of myocardial contraction
4) may cause atrial tachycardia in overdosage
General Medicine Answer: 4
Digoxin is a positive inotrope, hence it increases the force of myocardial contraction and may be effective in heart failure. It is a cardiac glycoside, which reduces the conductivity of the atrioventricular (AV) node and which may be used in atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin has a long half-life and is given once daily. It is cleared by the renal system and hence renal impairment requires the reduction of digoxin dose.
Arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia, may be a sign of digoxin toxicity.
Digoxin toxicity is enhanced if there are 67 electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia.
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is
1) Active
2) Inactive
3) Persistent
4) Super infection
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is active
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.
As opposed to lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia is characterised grossly and microscopically by
1) Patchy inflammatory distribution
2) Organization of alveolar exudates
3) Diffuse inflammatory distribution
4) Inflammation of bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 1
As opposed to lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia is characterized grossly and microscopically by patchy inflammatory distribution
Heimlich manoeuver is carried out in
1) Syncope
2) Airway obstruction
3) Carotid blow out
4) Cardiac arrest
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Heimlich manoeuver is carried out in airway obstruction
What is the primary function of the gastrinoma in Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Producing excessive gastrin
2) Inhibiting acid secretion
3) Stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion
4) Promoting intestinal motility
A gastrinoma is a non-beta cell tumor that autonomously produces large amounts of gastrin, leading to hypergastrinemia and increased acid secretion in the stomach, resulting in severe peptic ulcers.