MDS PREP
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs
1) Beyond major bronchus
2) In alveolar region
3) Beyond terminal bronchioles
4) Beyond minor bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs beyond terminal bronchioles
A 55-year-old diabetic patient presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. What is the most critical component of the initial management?
1) Antibiotic therapy
2) Wound debridement
3) Control of blood glucose
4) Reconstructive surgery
Proper glycemic control is essential for wound healing in diabetic patients. Elevated blood glucose levels impair the immune response and can worsen the ulcer.
Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by
1) Tuberculosis
2) Infarction
3) Pneumoconiosis
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Pulmonary fibrosis can result from various causes, including infections (like tuberculosis), infarction, and exposure to harmful substances (like silica in pneumoconiosis).
In the synthesis of which protein is vitamin K an essential cofactor?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor VIII
4) Factor X
Vitamin K is a crucial cofactor in the carboxylation of glutamate residues in the synthesis of prothrombin (factor II), which is essential for its activity. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to decreased levels of factor II, resulting in a bleeding tendency known as hypoprothrombinemia.
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
1) Minimal change disease
2) Membranous nephropathy
3) Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
4) Diabetic nephropathy
Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It is characterized by almost normal glomerular histology on light microscopy, with the lesion confined to the podocyte foot processes.
What is the primary pathogenic mechanism of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1) Invasion of gut epithelial cells
2) Production of heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST)
3) Induction of lipid peroxidation
4) Production of Shiga-like toxins
ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.
What is the primary function of alpha-2-macroglobulin in the body?
1) Inhibition of serum proteases
2) Osmotic regulation
3) Transport of copper
4) Blood clot dissolution
Alpha-2-macroglobulin is a plasma protein that functions as an inhibitor of serum proteases, including thrombin and other proteolytic enzymes. It is involved in the regulation of extracellular proteolytic activity and the prevention of tissue damage.
What is the primary target of autoantibodies in SLE that contributes to the disease's pathology?
1) Cell membranes
2) Cytoplasmic components
3) Nuclear components
4) Extracellular matrix
The primary target of autoantibodies in SLE is nuclear components. These antibodies can lead to the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, resulting in widespread tissue damage and inflammation.