MDS PREP
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rash seen in scarlet fever?
(1) Small, flat, red spots that are not elevated.
(2) Small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper.
(3) Large, fluid-filled blisters.
(4) Thin, red streaks that spread out from the central lesion.
The rash in scarlet fever is characterized by small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper when touched. These bumps, known as "Pastia lines," are particularly prominent in skin folds. The rash is caused by the exotoxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and typically occurs with a strep throat infection.
What is the primary cellular defect caused by HIV infection leading to AIDS?
(1) Depletion of CD8 cells
(2) Depletion of CD4 cells
(3) Overproduction of CD8 cells
(4) Overproduction of CD4 cells
The primary cellular defect caused by HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, which are essential for a properly functioning immune system. This leads to a compromised immune system that is susceptible to opportunistic infections.
A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is being evaluated for chronic venous insufficiency. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in chronic venous insufficiency?
(1) Varicose veins
(2) Pitting edema
(3) Ulcers on the medial malleolus
(4) All of the above
Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by a range of symptoms and physical findings, including varicose veins, pitting edema, and venous ulcers, particularly around the medial malleolus (ankle). These symptoms result from impaired venous return and increased venous pressure in the lower extremities.
What is the genetic basis of neurofibromatosis type 1?
(1) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 13
(2) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
(3) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 22
(4) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, which produces neurofibromin. The gene is located on chromosome 17.
What is the typical age range for increased risk of coronary heart disease in men?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
According to the provided risk factor list for atherosclerosis, men are considered at increased risk for coronary heart disease starting at the age of 45 years.
A 25-year-old pregnant woman presents with complaints of mild abdominal pain and diarrhea. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg and her urine output is decreased. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
(1) Gestational diabetes
(2) Urinary tract infection
(3) Hyperemesis gravidarum
(4) Intestinal obstruction
Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The patient's symptoms and signs of dehydration (low blood pressure and decreased urine output) support this diagnosis.
What is the normal heart rate for an adult?
1) 60-80 beats/min
2) 70-90 beats/min
3) 80-100 beats/min
4) 100-120 beats/min
The normal resting adult heart rate is typically between 60 and 80 beats per minute.
What is the primary defect in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
1) Marked increase in muscle potassium permeability
2) Marked decrease in muscle sodium permeability
3) Marked decrease in muscle potassium permeability
4) Impaired sodium-potassium pump function
In familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis, the primary defect is a decrease in muscle potassium permeability, leading to a reduced efflux of potassium from muscle cells.